International Experience of Protecting Persons in the Field of Public Administration: What Relevance of Application under Ukrainian Law? Experiencia internacional de personas protectoras en el ámbito de la administración pública: ¿qué relevancia tiene la aplicación según la legislación de Ucrania?

Objetivo: El propósito de este artículo es estudiar la experiencia internacional de protección de personas en el campo de la administración pública y determinar las posibilidades de su aplicación en Ucrania. Para lo anterior, utilizamos el método analítico y el análisis documental para rastrear los antecedentes teóricos y comprender el estado actual de la protección de las personas en el ámbito de la administración pública. Yuliia Anatoliivna Melikhova Universidad Nacional de Derecho Yaroslav Mudryi yu.a.melihova@nlu.edu.ua Recibido: 9 de febrero de 2021 / Aceptado: 30 de marzo de 2021 https://doi.org/10.17081/just.26.40.4870 Mark Mykolayovych Voronov V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University markvoronov@karazin.ua Vitalii Oleksandrovych Serohin V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University v.a.seryogin@karazin.ua Maryna Volodymyrivna Romanenko Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs marisja2008@ukr.net Vitalii Oleksandrovych Serohin, Yuliia Anatoliivna Melikhova, Mark Mykolayovych Voronov, Maryna Volodymyrivna Romanenko 4 Justicia Vol. 26 No. 40: pp. 3-10.. Julio-Diciembre, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17081/just.26.40.4870 Los temas relevantes relacionados con la implementación de métodos legales de protección de personas en el campo de la administración pública han sido de gran importancia y reconocimiento en esta plataforma de investigación. Se ha estudiado la experiencia de países extranjeros en el campo de la protección de personas durante sus relaciones con las autoridades públicas; Se han determinado las posibilidades de su aplicación en Ucrania. Se ha enfatizado que la capacidad de cualquier persona para utilizar las herramientas de protección legal definidas legalmente es una de las características clave del estado de derecho. Se ha señalado que solo un país cuyo poder estatal ejerce sus funciones directas sobre administración pública la administración pública sin lesionar los derechos, libertades e intereses legítimos de las personas, puede ser verdaderamente considerado legal y democrático. Se han proporcionado y comparado puntos de vista científicos sobre la aplicación de procedimientos legalmente definidos para la protección de las personas en el ámbito de la administración pública. Se ha observado que la introducción de métodos y medios eficaces de protección de las personas es un aspecto extremadamente importante de la actividad de la autoridad estatal, y especialmente en el contexto del curso de integración europea de Ucrania. Palabras clave : experiencia internacional, protección de derechos e intereses legítimos, sociedad civil, administración pública.

Los temas relevantes relacionados con la implementación de métodos legales de protección de personas en el campo de la administración pública han sido de gran importancia y reconocimiento en esta plataforma de investigación. Se ha estudiado la experiencia de países extranjeros en el campo de la protección de personas durante sus relaciones con las autoridades públicas; Se han determinado las posibilidades de su aplicación en Ucrania. Se ha enfatizado que la capacidad de cualquier persona para utilizar las herramientas de protección legal definidas legalmente es una de las características clave del estado de derecho. Se ha señalado que solo un país cuyo poder estatal ejerce sus funciones directas sobre administración pública la administración pública sin lesionar los derechos, libertades e intereses legítimos de las personas, puede ser verdaderamente considerado legal y democrático. Se han proporcionado y comparado puntos de vista científicos sobre la aplicación de procedimientos legalmente definidos para la protección de las personas en el ámbito de la administración pública. Se ha observado que la introducción de métodos y medios eficaces de protección de las personas es un aspecto extremadamente importante de la actividad de la autoridad estatal, y especialmente en el contexto del curso de integración europea de Ucrania.

Public Administration in Ukraine a complex and common problem
Taking into account the importance of proper protection of each subject of public and private legal relations, it should be noted that the study of this research paper constitutes one of the key elements in underlining an objective understanding of the processes associated with the functioning of the rule of law state in adequate consideration. Proper treatment with each of the subjects of legal relations significantly increases their joint interaction, and therefore directly affects the quality of daily functioning of the entire state system of the country. According to the historically formed types of development of social legal relations that took place in the past, and some of which were transformed till the present day, the greatest success in the field of economic growth was achieved by those state entities that properly protected the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals.
In the context of the above, supports the point of view of M. A. Akhmedshaeva (2020) and others that: «Processes of formation of the newest legislation on administrative responsibility in the country remains an actual problem which must receive due scientific assessment without which placing a definition which will underpin the prospects of development of this legislation, in our opinion, is represented rather problematic. These prospects are associated with the search of the most optimal forms of administrative and jurisdictional protection of new public relations from illegal encroachments, requiring the account of experience in the legal regulation of administrative responsibility. The solution of these problems seems to be possible only on the basis of in-depth study and theoretical systematization of the current administrative and tort legislation in the country, identification of contradictions in its development and modeling of its further development».

Understanding the Stakes and Rationale of the Subject Matter
It is worthy of note that, in accordance with the high relevance of the problems and issues that are the main content of this article, their scientific and legal analysis and research constitutes a brave sphere of interests of a large number of scholars in the legal sphere. Therefore, the domestic society has the opportunity to get acquainted with a large number of scientific papers and publications published in different periods of time.
In particular, it should be noted that the most authoritative of such works are the papers of such scholars as: This involves the establishment of the system of legal means, as well as the definition of international experience on their implementation into the practice of public authorities.

The Necessity and Essence of Public Administration in Ukraine
In most cases, there must be an absolute awareness of the fact that citizens and enterprises can freely and unhindered exercise their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests for their effective activity in any sphere of public life. Without adherence to these basic elements of economic and social efficiency, no state will be able to ensure its effective functioning. In order to ensure proper protection of the rights and freedoms of every person and citizen, Article 3 is of utmost importance. The Constitution of Ukraine declares: Human rights and freedoms and their guarantees determine the content and orientation of state activity. The state is accountable to a human being for its activities.
V. Averianov (2004, p. 584) rightly emphasizes that the uniqueness of administrative and legal relations, especially the activities of subjects of public administration, is that they are a unique public legal entity, whose main task is to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals. The scholar notes that the establishment of legal norms regulating administrative and legal relations does not exclude cases of their violation by public administration agencies. In order to prevent such violations, according to the expert, it is necessary to take certain administrative and legal measures to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. Administrative and legal protection of individuals rights is a reliable guarantee of rapid, effective and objective transformation of the general concept of "protection of human rights" from rhetorical to real.
In order to provide a proper scientific and legal assessment of all views and interpretations lets, first of all, define the concept of an individual. According to V. Dubichynskyi (2018, p. 527), an individual is a person who acts personally and informally. An important right of an individual is the right to own, use and dispose of his property private, as a form of appropriation, when the means of production and products of labor belong to certain persons in accordance with the law.
An individual, from the point of view of the theory of public administration, should be considered as an object of public administration, having both positive and negative managerial influence of the subject of public administration. In this case, the individual is recognized as obliged to comply with the legal requirements of the subjects of implementing public administration.
It is considered that an individual has the appropriate, inherent ability within administrative and tort relations to be the subject of these legal relations. Only in case of a specific violation of the prohibitions of administrative law, an individual will be able to become the subject of an administrative offense. It follows that in case of failure of a certain person to act, which would be defined in accordance with the current administrative law as administrative violations, he cannot be considered a subject of administrative and tort relations (Halunko, et al., 2018, p. 446).
The majority of jurists tend to distinguish a number of some characteristic features of an individual in the system of implementing public management and administration. According to them, a person, who acts personally, informally and who is not an official and does not perform the executive functions delegated to him by the state is recognized as an individual.
Another feature of an individual is his leading role among other subjects of public legal relations.
It is primarily due to the fact that it is to fully satisfy the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of non-governmental individuals and legal entities that are the absolute majority of citizens of any country, and carry out the activities of public authorities in the sphere of public administration.
In the final part of the process of determining the characteristics of an individual, it should be noted that it should be perceived in the system of administrative law both as a subject of administrative and legal relations, as an object of public administration and, at the same time, as a subject of administrative and tort relations.
A significant change, which has recently become more pronounced, is the radical reorientation of the domestic state system from one that dominates on persons and oppresses them, to one that is really able to perform the service function as the most important essence of its purpose. This is to adhere to the principle of "serving one's people, which is already common for the developed countries of Western Europe and North America.
At the same time, the main accents of the characteristics of administrative law are shifting from purely administrative to law enforcement and advocacy ones. Such areas of ensuring the realization of the rights of individuals and citizens as their effective protection and protection in case of violation are becoming important. In turn, this means that legal procedure, as well as all currently available conditions and procedures for the protection of the rights and freedoms require a clear regulation (Stetsenko, 2011, p. 258).
R. S. Melnyk and V. M. Kuzmyshyn (2014, p. 376) rightly noted that it is primarily necessary to establish an effective mechanism for administrative appeal by private individuals of illegal actions against them from the part of public authorities. in order to properly build checks and balances system within the state system of the country, which would have the ability to reliably and timely protect the rights, freedoms and interests of each individual, as well as successfully maintain such system. Appealing against decisions, actions or omission of public authorities, local self-government agencies, their officials is "an important guarantee of the implementation of the constitutional principle of state responsibility to a human being for its activities". The implementation of this right of citizens is a huge asset of democracy and civil society, because citizens and administration in such a society are recognized as equal parties.
Not least of all, actions and methods in regard to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals are carried out through the active use of high-tech devices. In particular, researchers suggest that they should be understood as methods and tools that provide an appropriate level of protecting certain personal information about a person. Means of security and protection of information related to personal data of individuals or related to their professional activities are extremely important elements of the state protection system. One of such elements of maintaining information security during the implementation of the direct responsibilities by state agencies (institutions and organizations) in the field of public administration is the gradual replacement of paperwork in public office activities on computer databases (Tsyhanov, 2016, p. 10). Therefore, the logical continuation of this reform is the almost complete replacement of paper archives with secure server rooms, which have the ability to store large amounts of information about individuals. There is also a large-scale transfer of all government agencies that are part of the process of carrying out public administration into the use of digital media (Hrytsenko, et al. 2017, p. 376).
According to Ya. Yu. Kondratiev (2004, p. 236), information technology security is a complex problem, which includes legal regulation of IT use, improvement of technologies for their development, certification systems development, provision of appropriate organizational and technical conditions of operation.
Solution of this problem requires significant costs, so the priority task is to balance the level of required security and the costs for maintaining it. Administrative means are integral part of information protection, their importance is due to the fact that they are available and able to supplement legislative norms where it is required, and the peculiarity is that they mostly provide the application of other types of protection (technical, software) and only in this case guarantee sufficiently reliable protection.
The scientific literature emphasizes that the availability of a number of modern and powerful electronic systems of protection, storage and processing of information within state authorities together with the existence of clear and effective legislation regulating the processes of applying these electronic systems, is an extremely effective factor in protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals (Nikolaiuk, et al. 2006, p. 319).

Numerous recommendations addressed to the governments of the Member States of the Council of
Europe usually state that there must also be an effective mechanism for compensating individuals for moral or material damage caused to them by public authorities together with the existence in the state of certain norms and means that can provide adequate protection to individuals in the performance of the direct duties by public administration subjects.

Placing and Examining the Rule of Law in Public Administration Exchange
The Law on Administrative Courts of the Federal Republic of Germany establishes a double condition for the annulment of an administrative act and a possible decision on appeal: its illegality and consequently the violation of the plaintiff's rights (Kozyrin & Shtatina, 2003, p. 312-327). However, in order to recognize the existence of an individual´s subjective public right, it is not necessary that the legal norm, which contains this right, includes a clearly defined requirement. The only thing that is fundamentally important is the condition that the legal norm, in accordance with the objective will of the legislator, should serve not only as the general, but also as the individual (and it is mandatory) interests of individuals. Equality of citizens and the state as subjects of public rights and responsibilities is expressed in the comity of these rights and responsibilities.
Analyzing the above allegations, it can be noted that Ukraine, in accordance with the current norms of domestic law, has a division of the rights and legitimate interests of individuals into absolute and relative.
The criterion for such a division is, first of all, the degree of possibility of realizing these rights and legitimate interests; secondly, the possibility to restrict a certain right of an individual in the manner and on the grounds provided by law.

Questioning the Right and Standard in Possessing an Effective Administrative Platform
In most rights emanating from administrative functioning, when implementating such right it is protane that such are considered absolute, and its realization in most circumstances depends on the will of the citizens. A pertinent and fundamental is that as to the, right to participate in the administration of state affairs both directly and through the representatives. The tendency to be admitted to secondary schools, personal freedom and inviolability, address personally, as well as to send individual and collective claims to state agencies and local self-governments; to the states compensation for the damage caused by illegal actions (or omission) of public administration entities or their officials.
It is germaine to note that these rights postulated are relative, since implementation depends both on the will of individuals, and on the availability of actual opportunities for their implementation in this place and at this time. They include, for example, the right of citizens to enter a higher educational institution; to drive a vehicle. Thus, the success of the implementation of certain rights in this case directly depends on the state of health, the results of exams.
A lot of relative rights while achieving succeeds in the economic and socio-cultural spheres, may become absolute, but not in all cases. The realization of relative rights often depends on the personal qualities of an individual (health status, professional education, etc.) or on the time (priority) of satisfying a legitimate request (for example, installation of a telephone, provision of living space) (Iierusalimova, 2006,  p. 205). The same principle is used to define and classify the responsibilities of individuals. The absolute responsibilities in this case are those imposed on an individual in the field of public administration, and the implementation of which does not depend on any circumstances, since it is determined by the current legislation. Accordingly, relative responsibilities largely depend on the will of a particular individual.

II. Conclusions
The introduction of effective methods and means of protecting individuals during the processes related to the implementation of public administration activities by state agencies (institutions and organizations) is extremely important for the successful introduction of a human-centered model of relations between public administration agencies and citizens. Such measures will significantly strengthen the national state system, making it much more efficient. It will be possible because each of the subjects of legal relations, understanding the fact that he is safe (under the protection of law and public authorities), is able to act freely and productively, which, in turn, can strengthen the country and its economy.
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