64
Analysis of the behavior in the informal micro-entrepreneur
sector in Colombia
Análisis del comportamiento en el sector informal de
microempresarios en Colombia
Saul Rick Fernández Hurtado
Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
Liliana Marcela Torres Games
Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
Maria Fernanda Liberos Bonilla
Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
Luz Ángela Martínez Martínez
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali, Colombia
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this research is intended to raise awareness among micro-entrepreneurs, students and
society in general about the importance of microenterprises in their economic activity. Method: In order to fulfill the
general objective of the study, an exploratory research with data has been applied, with information gathered in a time
span involving data collected in conjunction with the direct problems that this contract has with the Colombian society.
The study was carried out with a sample of 100 micro enterprises and the informal sector in the research located in
Cali (Colombia); the instrument for collecting information on informal micro-enterprises was made through surveys, the
study was performed in order to obtain real, measurable and attainable data, resulting in a descriptive analysis using
the corresponding variables in the research. Results and Discussion: The study showed that a negative correlation
was obtained given that there are a number of microenterprises not legally constituted and, therefore, it was found
that these belong to the group of family businesses, which makes it clear that the salary variable is not defined by its
business variability. Companies will have greater capacity for goods and services and will eradicate informal
enterprises, thus the government will obtain higher taxes, but without abusing them, since if taxes are high, it will lead
the companies to evade and are not formalized legally. The financial sector should be more competent to the new
micro-entrepreneurs, given that being new to the business system; they require greater support through financial
resources and government entities. Conclusion: The environment variable of the informal sector concludes that the
phenomenon of informality in the country is predisposed to education levels with the purpose of managing
unproductive assets under a formal education managed from the management positions. It is necessary and of vital
importance that the State takes measures and solutions relevant to the motivation to include the informal sector within
the formal sector.
Keywords: Employment, Informal sector, Job, Small businesses, Tax evasion.
JEL Classification: H26, F38, G32
Resumen
Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio consistió en sensibilizar a los microempresarios, estudiantes y a la sociedad en
general sobre la importancia de las microempresas en la actividad económica. Método: Se aplicó una investigación
exploratoria con datos. En concreto, se recopiló información en el tiempo, involucrando datos recolectados en conjunto
con los problemas directos de este sector en la sociedad colombiana. El estudio se llevó a cabo en Cali (Colombia) con
una muestra de 100 microempresas del sector informal; el instrumento de recolección de información fue la encuesta,
dando como resultado un análisis descriptivo a partir de las variables correspondientes en la investigación. Resultados
y Discusiones: Se obtuvo una correlación negativa, pues hay una serie de microempresas que no están legalmente
constituidas y, por lo tanto, pertenecen al grupo de empresas familiares. A su vez, esto deja en claro que la variable
salario no está definida por su variabilidad empresarial. Con una mayor capacidad de bienes y servicios, además de
erradicar las empresas informales, el gobierno obtendría mayores impuestos, pero sin abusar de los mismos, ya que si
los impuestos son altos, ello conducirá a que las empresas evadan y a que no se formalicen legalmente. El sector
financiero debería ser más competente para los nuevos microempresarios, dado que requieren un mayor apoyo a
través de recursos financieros y entidades gubernamentales. Conclusión: Se concluye que el fenómeno de la
informalidad en el país está predispuesto a niveles de educación relacionados con la administración de activos
improductivos en los puestos gerenciales. Es necesario que el Estado tome medidas relevantes para incluir al sector
informal en el formal.
Palabras clave: Trabajo, Sector informal, Empleo, Micro-empresarios, Evasión de impuestos.
Clasificación JEL: H26, F38, G32.
Como citar este artículo (Apa):
Fernández, S., Torres, L., Liberos, M.F. & Martínez, L.A. (2018). Analysis of the behavior in the informal micro-entrepreneur sector in
Colombia.
Desarrollo Gerencial, 10
(1), 64-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17081/dege.10.1.2735
Autores de
Correspondencia:
saulrick@163.com
marce_16_40@hotmail.com
fernandalibreros@hotmail.com
luz_angela.martinez@uao.edu.co
Recibido: 02-07-17
Aceptado: 25-01-18
Copyright © 2018 Desarrollo Gerencial
65
Introduction
Given the lack of management to combat the informal or underground economy by the state, it can be
said that these types of economies do not have a legislation at the national level that guarantees that this
sector is totally abolished from the economy, which is worrisome since is a sector that in the last decade
has had a significant growth.
Informal occupations are characterized by low quality products and therefore lower income, which
leads to labor instability, since these people often do not receive a fair and constant wage to meet their
basic needs, directly affecting the quality of life of people and generating poverty and social exclusion, as
well as not guaranteeing with social security coverage that protects the employee's rights to health. Thus,
it is important that this population belongs to be formalized, through the implementation of public
methodologies and strategies that manage a solution from the labor and taxation point of view versus the
national collection.
Different studies mention that some of the variables that determine informality in society (Lozano,
Romero & Hirsh, 2017), and that affect the structural social aspect is unemployment, a situation that is
not far from the Latin American present, which has caused the unemployed to enter the informal sector
as a way of subsistence, with different variables such as age, gender, educational level, labor reforms and
economic opening among others that impose more barriers to the legal formalization of these micro-
entrepreneurs.
This article includes 3 sessions, the first one corresponds to the contextualization of the social
environment in front of the micro enterprises and how from the point of view of the population about the
formalization of the companies in the country; in the second one it is detailed in what state of informality
are the micro-enterprises based on research carried out by the DANE (National Administrative Department
of Statistics) and finally it describes in depth the situation that causes each one of the objectives
developed.
Currently, in Colombia, the informal sector has gained momentum, penetrating different sectors of the
economy, such as the industrial, commercial and services sectors. This problem presents high indicators,
about 74% of the personnel employed in informal microenterprises, reflecting that the current legislation
has not provided solutions to address this problem caused by legally constituted companies, which are
those that comply with the respective tax contributions, by directly reducing their income and staff
recruitment capacity, being the main affected.
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Micro-enterprises that are not legally constituted affect the social environment, impacting on public
revenues at the territorial and national levels, as well as have a social impact on the population since
these physically invade the legal sectors causing an overload of supply and unfair competition with large
companies. In addition, many of the causes of tax evasion are timely in that this population is not aware
of the payment of taxes due to the complexity of the tax and fiscal system.
The main causes for which this problem is being triggered is the educational level in which a high
percentage of the population is found, is among the young graduates that have a basic educational level,
faced with a social environment that forces them to be used in informal micro-enterprises.
Another variable besides education is unemployment, a vital factor that fuels this problem, because
somehow it can end up leading to informal microenterprises, such as street vendors in illegal places
invading the public space.
Informal microenterprises constituted in the country represent a high rate of evasion of taxes at
territorial and national level; which leads to a decrease in resources to face unemployment, another
variable that affects not only the economy but also a large part of this problem, which provokes negative
factors in society towards equitable growth and distribution of wealth.
At the moment micro-enterprises have been presenting a growth in which it presents/displays an
average of ten (10) people occupied, of the different sectors of commerce, presenting/displaying a pact
before the not so positive society since many of these present a duration at least of a more than one (1)
year; in turn occupying the same physical space.
In the present decade, the unemployment rate among young people has increased, increasing the rate
of underemployment since it has been classified in one of the groups with the largest population (Sánchez,
T, R., 2013).
This situation presents social problems, since it diminishes the productivity and the economic growth
of the different sectors, causing that this relatively low, consequently the increase of the informality. Not
only grows socially, if not sectorally, since single or independent microenterprises are physically located in
different sectors of trade, benefiting from all the economic contributions made by large companies
currently incorporated ((Sánchez, R., 2013); (Levy, 2007)).
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Unemployment is an important and relative factor to the economy, since according to studies and
analysis mentioned by Rodriguez & Calderón (2015), indicate that, in different countries of the world, the
average number of employed persons is generated by informal companies, thus presenting an occupancy
rate of 43%.
The formal occupation sector is made up of professionals and independent technicians, while the
informal sector is made up of people with basic professional education; which has made it necessary to
determine that the different informal economies become security meshes, since they are made up of
hundreds and thousands of people who currently do not have a formal job and do it in order to meet their
basic needs, which causes a progressive decrease in companies legally constituted (García, 2011).
This situation presents a great saturation of the different external sectors, where the capital occupied
in a non-sectorized informal way, such as find out, which create a forced conflict with the different
authorities, pedestrians, and vehicles of all kinds, presenting despair of the population (Gómez, 2011).
Literature review
Campaigns of inclusion of micro-entrepreneurs to legal formality
The informality of companies is not a new issue in Latin America and the world comes from before the
60's, when the first studies on the subject, which were primary attempts, and from this begins to use the
term of informality in different parts of the world by the International Labor Organization. (Ramírez,
Zambrano, Mogrovejo, & Carreño, 2016)
When informality in the companies at the labor level began to arouse a series of interests, the issue
generated two important variables of thought, which were mentioned as structuralism and institutional,
these detail different views on informality. Where the structuralism perspective demonstrates two internal
variables such as demand and labor supply, demand demonstrates the incapacity of the economy and
labor supply argues that human capital does not have the necessary aspects to obtain a labor link to
formal jobs.
While the institutionalism perspective mentions that there are positive variables regarding the cost-
benefit of the agents that choose an informal method of employment, the state imposes to the
formalization rules and regulations that increase the costs of the employer (El Kadi, Pelekais, Robles &
Leal, 2015); (Fernandez, Castañeda, Polanco, Martinez & Baracaldo, 2017).
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Of previous studies on the magnitude of the informality of the sector and time in which it is analyzed;
Likewise, the entities in charge of measurement, such as DANE, are in charge of centralizing it based on
criteria such as size of establishment, work activity, and type of occupations from the structural point of
view; in the same way a narrow variable has been presented between poverty and informality,
consequently the modernist structural approach (Sánchez, 2013). Nevertheless Roldán & Ospino (2010)
found that informality establishes that these types of companies do not have higher incomes, since they
are structurally small, therefore they do not have a significant amount of fixed assets, which presents a
high vulnerability in the commercial sector, which allows the creation of regimes that guarantee the
formality and payment of minor taxes that consolidate and confirm a company that grows structurally.
How highlights Roldán & Ospino (2010) mention that the high indices of business in formalism is the
determining cause of the low schooling of the population by the guild since about 70% - 80% only
complies with primary education.
Impact on the corporate financial sector
The financial sector is a fundamental support in society, which is directly related to the world, and
which manages to connect the economic projects with the normal growth and development projections of
the countries, so, in the case of the microenterprises located in the country, this issue is not far removed
from the needs of growth and capital injection to be achieved by these entrepreneurs, however, in the
light of credits for micro-entrepreneurs, the financial sector tends to be a bit drastic, since these may not
show the financial strength to gain the confidence of the banks, a situation that has been analyzed by
several points of view such as the lords Rivas & Martínez (2013) where they expose the quality and the
obstacles that can have the financial system from the economy.
Taking as reference the municipality of Yumbo, it has been especially a city that has been dedicated to
the industry, gathering large national and multinational companies, which has generated a great mobility
of the economy, creating direct and indirect jobs, and above all giving it the possibility for entrepreneurs
to create micro-enterprises that revolve around those businesses, as well as offering solutions for goods
and services to the community. Yumbo is a municipality characterized by very good fiscal solutions for this,
and it has not been possible to move away from the national problems in the approach of the financial
sector to micro enterprises, partially halting the evolution of these sectors, which ultimately move the
micro-economy of the municipality, those commercial and service companies are taking much of the
illegality in Colombia, since having barriers to growth with the sector, has been able to generate inequality
and tax evasion, in short, a bit that slows down the development of innovation, as explained Gonzales &
Hurtado (2014) in an investigation that took place in Colombia addressed to these micro-enterprises.
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Little support for microenterprises
The current economic growth shows that there is little support from the government, which
encourages micro-entrepreneurs to become formalized SMEs, because it focuses on the benefits that are
given to large companies with tax deductions, except for taxes during a given period that favors them but
is not considered equally for micro-entrepreneurs in cities or municipalities. At the national level in 2011,
the government issued Law 1429 of 2010, which provided tax and fiscal benefits so that microenterprises
that were formalized as of January 2011 have the same conditions in competitive environments in the
country market (Lozano et al. 2018).
Micro-enterprises contribute to the generation of employment in a large percentage of the country,
and this can be considered a favorable impact on economic growth, for which strategies should be
designed to favor them, with which an accelerated and steady strengthening. (Mora, Vera & Melgarejo,
2015). it should be noted that micro-enterprises are increasingly growing in developing countries in recent
years, requiring regulations to be favorable and incentives are needed (Hernandez, 2013).
It is important that support is given to microenterprises, which may also be formed by families that
may not have a defined structure and contribute to the economy as previously mentioned but should not
be limited, which has a space in the market and should leave the informality with which they were
created. (Arenas & Rico, 2014), however, there are fears by the owners of the same with respect to the
labor regulations that should have their employees or relatives (Hernandez, 2013).
Accounting application for micro-entrepreneurs
At the present time, it can be observed that micro-enterprises are created as family business ideas and
are characterized by being highly employment generating, and these relatively are not structured and do
not have strategic planning to follow (Arenas & Rico, 2014), for the above, it must be implemented in
them the awareness of keeping an accounting, have business organization and have the necessary
support for its implementation (Bravo, Azcárate, Rojas & Narváez, 2015); (Fernandez, Ochoa, Martínez,
2017) and more with the entry into force of international standards IFRS in accordance with Law 1314 of
2009 that indicates the standards of accounting and financial information to be used as well as the dates
established for the convergence process; which can validate the impact of these standards on SMEs in
Colombia and the disadvantages that are generated so that these can be converted into opportunities for
improvement (García & Dueñas, 2016).
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With the accounting implementation in the microenterprises will differentiate the expenses caused as a
result of the normal business turnover of those included as personal expenses of the owners and their
families; and with this to be able to know the real financial situation of the same so that they can be
taken as a basis for the decision-making in the right moment, opportune and necessary (Arenas & Rico,
2014); (Fernandez, Castañeda, Polanco, Cuellar, Martínez & Baracaldo, 2017), according to the above, it
is possible to emphasize that when applying the accounting in the microenterprises or SMEs in Colombia,
these will have financial effects in the main accounts like: accounts receivable and fixed assets, reason
why it is necessary to be trained in the same, put this process in the hands of qualified personnel and
carry out the review of processes advanced in other homogeneous microenterprises to have a broader
view of the results obtained and not fall into unnecessary errors (Salazar, 2013).
Methodology
In order to fulfill the general objective, an exploratory research with data has been applied, with which
information is gathered in the time of time, involving data collected in conjunction with the direct
problems that this contract with the Colombian society.
In order to analyze the problem, it was necessary to integrate the information obtained from the
different variables that are directly related to the different sectors of public information that helped to
correlate the information with the micro enterprises, from which relevant information was taken and
timely of the competitiveness and participation in the market by this informal sector.
The instrument for collecting information on informal micro-enterprises was through surveys, which
were carried out in a sample of the population directly related to the research topic.
The study was carried out with a sample of 100 micro enterprises and the informal sector in the
research located in Cali (Colombia), under different scenarios or variables of measurement, as
formalization of business activity, level of sales, seniority in economic activity, access to bank credit,
educational level and the interest to change to legal regime in the environment of business and economic
activity.
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Study procedure
A communication was developed with the companies participating in the research and the academic
purpose of the research was announced, participation was reported to be voluntary and acceptance of the
questionnaire was with multiple closed questions.
Data collection
Through the participant sample, the tabulation corresponding to the study was performed in order to
obtain real, measurable and attainable data, resulting in a descriptive analysis using the corresponding
variables in the research.
Results descriptive analysis
In terms of the socioeconomic characteristics of the population, there is stability over the number of
people surveyed; which were micro-entrepreneurs who do not have a legally formalized company, a series
of fundamental and closed questions were asked in order to know the specifics of the causes the
population makes the decision to become informal traders.
Graph 1
¿Why do you decide to have an unformalized company?
Sources:
Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
According to the information provided, it is shown (Graph 1) that 48% of the population makes the
decision to have a source of income having informal companies, because they do not have a sufficient
education with which they can compete in the labor field of the different sectors to which they belong,
however, 33% of the sample mentioned that it belongs to this guild as a consequence of the lack of labor
supply currently in the country; while 19% clarified that they prefer not to pay taxes for the work they
perform.
Low Employee Sources
Low Education Level
Other
72
Graph 2
¿What is the level of daily sales?
Sources: Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
According to the occupational position, a portion of this population shows (Graph 2) that 54% have a
daily average income of 0 to $ 30,000 (Colombian Pesos), which is equivalent to a little more than a
minimum wage per month in the country, of the sector shows that 26% of this population has an average
income between $ 50,000 and $ 100,000 (Colombian Pesos), which according to the surveys carried out
correspond to the sector of repair and programming of technological devices.
Graph 3
¿How many years have you been in this activity?
Sources: Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
The growth and labor stability of this sample population is shown in graph 3, which 50% of the
population has been carrying out their work for more than 5 years, which leads to the conclusion that this
informal sector has more and more positioning in the market, a situation that directly affects the legally
constituted industrial and commercial sector.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 - 30.000 30.000 - 50.000 50.000 - 100.000
More than 5 years
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Graph 4
¿Do you have any access to credit?
Sources: Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
As a consequence of this type of sector, it is notable that one of the reasons why they do not carry out
a legal formalization is given that this population does not have access to business credits since they have
no way of certifying their income and thus leverage their Business; while the people who had a type of
access to them, is because they fulfilled a financial trajectory before becoming independent informal.
Graph 5
¿What is your level of education?
Sources: Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
Graph 6
¿Looking for a job in another activity?
Sources: Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
Yes
Primary School
Secondary School
University
Non
Technicians
Yes
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The results shown in graph 5 and graph 6 show that the constitution of the informal market is made
up of 72% by people who only have a basic level of primary and secondary education, which has meant
that they do not have access to participate in the different offers of employment that present/display
today in the different industries manufacturing, commercial and among others.
Graph 7
¿Would you change to a legally constituted regime?
Sources: Data correspond to the results of the surveys carried out in the year 2017.
It is clear according to the accounts made that 53% of the population surveyed are in some way
determined not to carry out a formalization of their companies, because this would lead to the payment of
taxes that would significantly reduce their income and that in some cases could lead to the total closure of
their businesses in extreme cases, however it is observed that 22% of the population does not present
any interest since there are no solid and permanent benefits for those companies that perform this
formalization (corresponding to graph 7).
Description of the causes for which micro-enterprise does not make the decision to be
legally established
From the perspective of the study by the National Administrative Department of Statisticsin relation to
the informal microenterprises created in the main cities of Colombia (24) during the year 2015 and 2016,
it was observed that out of a total of 33,013 establishments are divided into different sectors of the
economy (Fernandez, 2013), and it is validated that the trade sector are those that contribute significant
annual nominal revenues (graph 8).
Yes
Not Interest
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Graph 8
Percentage share of establishments and annual sales or revenues by economic sector
Sources: DANE 2017
When reviewing the microenterprises in the main cities of Colombia, it can be observed that there are
9,039 establishments that are not legally constituted and therefore are not registered in the Chamber of
Commerce and 22,334 have registered as natural small business units, which are compelled to tax
according to their income (graph 9)
Graph 9
Participation of micro-enterprises by registration before chamber of commerce according
to economic sector
Sources: DANE 2017
The study analyzed whether these micro-enterprises have accepted accounting in Colombia, since
taking the accounting will help them to have a better control of it and to make decisions in a timely
manner, and according to actual balances, their share by sector (graph 10).
Commerce
Services
Industry
Offices participation
Production, sales or incomes
Commerce
Services
Industry
No registered enterprises
Natural Person
Legal Person
76
Graph 10 Accounting in microenterprises
Sources: DANE 2017
When reviewing the type of microenterprise constituted in the main cities of Colombia, it was identified
that the personnel that is working in these places correspond especially to owners, partners, and relatives
without remuneration (graph 11).
Graph 11
Participation of employed persons by type of hiring according to economic sector
Sources: DANE-2017
Commerce
Services
Industry
Do not carry
accounting
Accounting and General
Balance
Accounting Operation
Book
Accounting account
type
Commerce
Services
Industry
Owners, partners,
families without
incomes
Contract with a
indefinite term
Temporary Staff
Personnel hired through
agencies
77
Discussion
The corporate system must be increasingly integrated and have government cooperation, as Wu, Liu &
Xu (2017) stresses, minimize barriers to the emergence of larger companies at the national level and
greater competitiveness in the face of international markets, under the business cluster scheme, as
expressed by Fernandez & Martinez (2018); Estrin, Nielsen & Nielsen (2015); Fernandez (2014);
Hoskisson, Wrigth, Filatochev & Peng (2013); Gammeltoft, Barnard, Madhok (2010); Cuervo & Genc
(2008), and this leading to the benefits of consumers, in addition, companies must expand their
production, not manufacturing the same products of current competencies, this leads to the need to
integrate and obtain a greater link entrepreneurs, so in the study of Blanco, Benayas, Pertierra & Lozano
(2017) mentions it so that companies are increasingly sustainable in economic activity.
Due to the above, companies will have a greater capacity for goods and services and will eradicate
informal enterprises, thus the government will obtain higher taxes, but without abusing them, since if
taxes are high, it will lead to the companies evasion and are not formalized legally, so it is contemplated
by Distinguin, Rugemintwari & Tacneng (2016) where these informal companies do not contribute to the
economic growth of the country, therefore, emphasizes that SME companies must have a mutual
integration with the goal of having an efficient economic activity in the markets. Therefore, the “quality of
life” of the population increased and will have purchasing power, today as the economy is, there is a
restriction on purchase, therefore, it requires decision mechanisms and amplitude in production, as well
as a reduction in taxes levied to avoid evasion and seek to broaden the offer of employability, so it should
be noted that Lehmann, Marical & Rioux (2013) says that tax reforms are mechanisms for companies in
the productive sector to increase their investment capacity and promote social benefit (Fernandez, 2017).
Consequently, by reducing taxes (Value-added tax) from 19% to 15% (Lehmann et al. 2013), it will
lead to the Colombian economy having mobility through the companies that are the organizations that
promote the circulation of money, given that with 19% the economy presents a stagflation directly
affecting the productive sector by the typical reaction of the consumers, that is to say, low demand.
On the other hand, informal enterprises come to this stage, since the government does not promote
the development of new companies as well as is encouraged in other countries as mentioned by De
Langen & Van der Lugt (2017) has generating policies in benefit of the new entrepreneurs that count on
the dynamics of knowledge, observing that knowledge is a necessity for progress, and for that reason, the
graduates of universities count on the capacities of management and business development.
78
The financial sector should be more competent to the new micro-entrepreneurs, given that being new
to the business system; they require greater support through financial resources and government entities.
Conclusions
In the study, a negative correlation was obtained given that there are a number of microenterprises
that are not legally constituted and, therefore, it was found that these belong to the group of family
businesses, which makes it clear that the salary variable is not defined by its business variability, this
because of the non-accounting application that is applied in the country, therefore the graphs show that it
is not identified which are business expenses and which correspond to personal expenses of the
entrepreneurs, additionally, it does not have a strategic plan to follow, so they do not have a future
direction of what they intend to achieve with the microentrepreneur; in the same way, it was perceived
that there is not enough support that takes them out of informality so that they tax and start generating
income for the state.
The environment variable of the informal sector concludes that the phenomenon of informality in the
country is predisposed to education levels with the purpose of managing unproductive assets under a
formal education managed from the management positions. Likewise, it is necessary to mention the
unfavorable acceptance of the sector to be formalized, presented by the few benefits and supports that
are found by the government for its realization as shown in figure 8. For all the above, it is necessary and
of vital importance that the State take measures and solutions relevant to the motivation to include the
informal sector in the formal sector.
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