Competitividad financiera de los principales bancos en Colombia
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Keywords
Competitividad financiera, estabilidad financiera, estructura de capital, series de tiempo, sector bancario
Resumen
Objetivo: analizar la competitividad de los cuatro principales bancos en Colombia a partir de los indicadores financieros entre 2016 y 2022, para evaluar su posición financiera y desempeño económico. Método: se adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo, retrospectivo y transversal, utilizando análisis de series de tiempo. La información fue recogida de reportes oficiales de la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. Resultados: los bancos mostraron diferencias significativas en su estructura de capital y rendimiento financiero, atribuibles a variaciones en la gestión de recursos y estrategias competitivas, Bancolombia y Banco de Bogotá optaron por estrategias conservadoras, mostrando resultados sólidos. En contraste, Banco Davivienda y BBVA Colombia asumieron enfoques arriesgados con altos niveles de deuda. Se encontró una correlación entre prácticas de gestión conservadoras y estabilidad financiera. Discusión: esta investigación destaca la importancia de la estructura de capital en la competitividad financiera, resonando con teorías de gestión de riesgos y financiación. Se discuten las variaciones en la eficacia de diferentes estrategias de gestión financiera entre los bancos analizados. Conclusiones: la competitividad financiera de los bancos colombianos está influenciada por la gestión de capital y los enfoques de riesgo. Estrategias conservadoras en la gestión de recursos correlacionan con una mayor estabilidad financiera, sugiriendo financiación prudente en contextos volátiles.
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Ahmad, I. (2024). The Role of Strategic Financial Management in Enhancing Corporate Value and Competitiveness in the Digital Economy. Economía Chilena, 1–08. https://doi.org/10.36923/economa.v27i1.116
Azure, J. D.-C., Alawattage, C., & Lauwo, S. G. (2024). Politics of fiscal discipline: counter-conducting the World Bank’s public financial management reforms. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 37(4), 1012–1040. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2022-5761
Baral, R., Naik, S. P., & Patnaik, D. (2021). Macro-financial analysis of value-at-risk from banking stocks in an Indian scenario. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 11(4), 379-396. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBCRM.2021.119945
Brusov, P., Filatova, T., Orekhova, N., Kulik, V., Chang, S.-I., & Lin, G. (2021). Generalization of the Modigliani–Miller Theory for the Case of Variable Profit. Mathematics, 9(11), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9111286
Cabana Villca, S. R. (2019). Modelo de Gerencia sustentable para fortalecer la competitividad en las empresas del retail “Supermercados” de la Región de Coquimbo, Chile. Contaduría y Administración, 65(2), 2-39. https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2020.2007
Campos, V., Sanchis, J. R., & Ejarque, A. T. (2024). Can organizational size moderate the relationship between sustainable-driven financial management and business competitiveness? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00928-4
Chikán, A., Czakó, E., Kiss-Dobronyi, B., & Losonci, D. (2022). Firm competitiveness: A general model and a manufacturing application. International Journal of Production Economics, 243, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108316
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Dhamija, S., & Bhatia, S. (2023). Hinduja Global Solutions Limited: rewarding the shareholders. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 13(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-01-2023-0017
Dollery, B., Kitchen, H., McMillan, M., & Shah, A. (2020). Local Fiscal Discipline. In Local Public, Fiscal and Financial Governance (pp. 123–160). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36725-1_5
Erkens, D. H., Hung, M., & Matos, P. (2012). Corporate governance in the 2007–2008 financial crisis: Evidence from financial institutions worldwide. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(2), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.01.005
Falchetta, G., Michoud, B., Hafner, M., & Rother, M. (2022). Harnessing finance for a new era of decentralised electricity access: A review of private investment patterns and emerging business models. Energy Research & Social Science, 90, 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102587
Garrido-Moreno, A., Martín-Rojas, R., & García-Morales, V. J. (2024). The key role of innovation and organizational resilience in improving business performance: A mixed-methods approach. International Journal of Information Management, 77, 102777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102777
Huacchillo, L., Crisanto, R., & Farfán, E. (2021). Criterios de selección financieros aplicados en el sector bancario peruano a partir de las tasas de interés. Ingeniería: Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, 8(1), 146-154. https://doi.org/10.26495/icti.v8i1.1545
Innola, N., Roman, C., Nelia, C., Mykola, M., & Andrii, R. (2023). Ensuring of Financial Stability of the Enterprise by Financial Management Tools. In: Alareeni, B., Hamdan, A. (eds) Sustainable Finance, Digitalization and the Role of Technology. ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 487. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08084-5_56
Jencova, S., Vasanicova, P., Gavurova, B., & Bacik, R. (2022). Financial position of companies operating in food processing industry of Slovakia by using multidimensional scaling. & sociology, 15(2), 253-273. https://www.economics-sociology.eu/files/16E_1269_E&S_Jencova%20et%20al.pdf
Jenčová, S., Vašaničová, P., Štefko, R., & Lukáčová, M. (2021). Financial analysis and competitiveness of public universities of slovakia in the context of financial management. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 24(2), 156–177. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2021.24.2.10
Kilay, A. L., Simamora, B. H., & Putra, D. P. (2022). The Influence of E-Payment and E-Commerce Services on Supply Chain Performance: Implications of Open Innovation and Solutions for the Digitalization of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(3), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030119
Kolbe, D., Frasquet, M., & Calderon, H. (2022). The role of market orientation and innovation capability in export performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises: a Latin American perspective. Multinational Business Review, 30(2), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-10-2020-0202
Kołodziejczyk-Kęsoń, A., & Grebski, M. (2023). Cost Effectiveness of the Zero-Net Energy Passive House. Management Systems in Production Engineering, 31(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2023-0006
Kumar, R. R., Stauvermann, P. J., Patel, A., Prasad, S., & Kumar, N. N. (2022). Profitability Determinants of the Insurance Sector in Small Pacific Island States: A Study of Fiji’s Insurance Companies. Engineering Economics, 33(3), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.33.3.19583
Lacombe, I., & Jarboui, A. (2023). Governance and management of digital transformation projects: an exploratory approach in the financial sector. International Journal of Innovation Science, 15(4), 611–635. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-02-2022-0034
Leins, S. (2020). ‘Responsible investment’: ESG and the post-crisis ethical order. Economy and Society, 49(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2020.1702414
Ley 590 de 2000. Por la cual se dictan disposiciones para promover el desarrollo de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresa. 10 de julio de 2000. D.O. No. 44078.
López-Rodríguez, C. E., & Espinosa-Rodríguez, M. A. (2021). Riesgo operacional: comportamiento de sus factores en el sector bancario de Bogotá Colombia. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(6 Edición Especial), 439–456. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.26.e6.27
Mai, H. L. T. (2023). Optimizing profitability through capital structure: An empirical analysis of Vietnamese commercial banks. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 10(12), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.12.009
Martínez Jiménez, S. A. (2021). Retos del sistema financiero colombiano en la Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Semestre Económico, 24(56), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.22395/seec.v24n56a11
Masya, M., Wamitu, S., & Weru, J. (2022). Resource allocation and strategy implementation in commercial banks branches in machakos sub county. European Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 7(2), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.47604/ejbsm.1665
Menne, F., Surya, B., Yusuf, M., Suriani, S., Ruslan, M., & Iskandar, I. (2022). Optimizing the Financial Performance of SMEs Based on Sharia Economy: Perspective of Economic Business Sustainability and Open Innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology,
Market, and Complexity, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010018
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American economic review, 48(3), 261-297.
Muhammed, S., Desalegn, G., & Emese, P. (2024). Effect of Capital Structure on the Financial Performance of Ethiopian Commercial Banks. Risks, 12(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12040069
Naili, M., & Lahrichi, Y. (2022). Banks’ credit risk, systematic determinants and specific factors: recent evidence from emerging markets. Heliyon, 8(2), e08960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08960
Ortiz-Fajardo, H. A., & Erazo-Álvarez, C. A. (2021). Resiliencia empresarial en tiempos de pandemia: Retos y desafíos de las microempresas. Revista Arbitrada Interdisciplinaria Koinonía, 6(12), 366. https://doi.org/10.35381/r.k.v6i12.1293
Pakurár, M., Haddad, H., Nagy, J., Popp, J., & Oláh, J. (2019). The Impact of Supply Chain Integration and Internal Control on Financial Performance in the Jordanian Banking Sector. Sustainability, 11(5), 1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051248
Resende, M., Carvalho, C., & Carmo, C. (2024). Impacts of the Expected Credit Loss Model on Pro-Cyclicality, Earnings Management, and Equity Management in the Portuguese Banking Sector. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(3), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17030112
Rodriguez-Lozano, G. I. (2021). Los cambios en la productividad del sector bancario colombiano en el período 2002-2016. Apuntes Del Cenes, 40(71). https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v40.n71.2021.11120
Salcca-Lagar, E., & Arpi-Mayta, R. (2021). Estructura de mercado del sector bancario y su relación con el crecimiento económico: una revisión de literatura. Semestre Económico, 10(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.26867/se.2021.v10i1.114
Skare, M., & Riberio Soriano, D. (2021). How globalization is changing digital technology adoption: An international perspective. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 6(4), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2021.04.001
Szymura, A. (2022). Risk Assessment of Polish Joint Stock Companies: Prediction of Penalties or Compensation Payments. Risks, 10(5), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10050102
Tálas, D., & Rózsa, A. (2015). Financial competitiveness analysis in the Hungarian dairy industry. Competitiveness Review, 25(4), 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-03-2015-0016
Villa Luna, C., Ríos Bolivar, H., y Sánchez-Cano, J. E. (2024). La competitividad en la gestión financiera medida a través de la rentabilidad; la empresa petrolera PEMEX y su comparativo con Equinor de Noruega. Contaduría y Administración, 70(1), 492. https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2025.5202
Vinueza Aizaga, N. D. (2023). Innovación financiera y su impacto en la estabilidad del sistema financiero global. Bastcorp International Journal, 2(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.62943/bij.v2i1.25
Zhang, H., Sun, Y., & Meng, C. (2023). Sustainable Urban Competitiveness from a Financial Development Perspective: An Empirical Study of China. Sustainability, 15(5), 4225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054225
Zhao, Y., Chupradit, S., Hassan, M., Soudagar, S., Shoukry, A. M., & Khader, J. (2021). The role of technical efficiency, market competition and risk in the banking performance in G20 countries. Business Process Management Journal, 27(7), 2144–2160. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2020-0570
Zhuk, I. (2022). Public Administration System in the Field of Finance Under the Influence of Digitalization. Economic Affairs, 67(3). https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.3.2022.11
Azure, J. D.-C., Alawattage, C., & Lauwo, S. G. (2024). Politics of fiscal discipline: counter-conducting the World Bank’s public financial management reforms. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 37(4), 1012–1040. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2022-5761
Baral, R., Naik, S. P., & Patnaik, D. (2021). Macro-financial analysis of value-at-risk from banking stocks in an Indian scenario. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 11(4), 379-396. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBCRM.2021.119945
Brusov, P., Filatova, T., Orekhova, N., Kulik, V., Chang, S.-I., & Lin, G. (2021). Generalization of the Modigliani–Miller Theory for the Case of Variable Profit. Mathematics, 9(11), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9111286
Cabana Villca, S. R. (2019). Modelo de Gerencia sustentable para fortalecer la competitividad en las empresas del retail “Supermercados” de la Región de Coquimbo, Chile. Contaduría y Administración, 65(2), 2-39. https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2020.2007
Campos, V., Sanchis, J. R., & Ejarque, A. T. (2024). Can organizational size moderate the relationship between sustainable-driven financial management and business competitiveness? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00928-4
Chikán, A., Czakó, E., Kiss-Dobronyi, B., & Losonci, D. (2022). Firm competitiveness: A general model and a manufacturing application. International Journal of Production Economics, 243, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108316
Decreto 957 de 2019. [Presidencia de la república colombiana]. Por el cual se adiciona el capítulo 13 al Título 1 de la Parte 2 del Libro 2 del Decreto 1074 de 2015, Decreto Único del Sector Comercio, Industria y Turismo y se reglamenta el artículo 2º de la Ley 590 de 2000, modificado por el artículo 43 de la Ley 1450 de 2011. 5 de junio de 2019.
Demuner Flores, M. del R., Saavedra García, M. L., y Camarena Adame, M. E. (2017). Medición del capital intelectual en el sector bancario: Aplicación de los modelos Skandia y VAIC. Innovar, 27(66), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v27n66.66712
Dhamija, S., & Bhatia, S. (2023). Hinduja Global Solutions Limited: rewarding the shareholders. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 13(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-01-2023-0017
Dollery, B., Kitchen, H., McMillan, M., & Shah, A. (2020). Local Fiscal Discipline. In Local Public, Fiscal and Financial Governance (pp. 123–160). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36725-1_5
Erkens, D. H., Hung, M., & Matos, P. (2012). Corporate governance in the 2007–2008 financial crisis: Evidence from financial institutions worldwide. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(2), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.01.005
Falchetta, G., Michoud, B., Hafner, M., & Rother, M. (2022). Harnessing finance for a new era of decentralised electricity access: A review of private investment patterns and emerging business models. Energy Research & Social Science, 90, 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102587
Garrido-Moreno, A., Martín-Rojas, R., & García-Morales, V. J. (2024). The key role of innovation and organizational resilience in improving business performance: A mixed-methods approach. International Journal of Information Management, 77, 102777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102777
Huacchillo, L., Crisanto, R., & Farfán, E. (2021). Criterios de selección financieros aplicados en el sector bancario peruano a partir de las tasas de interés. Ingeniería: Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, 8(1), 146-154. https://doi.org/10.26495/icti.v8i1.1545
Innola, N., Roman, C., Nelia, C., Mykola, M., & Andrii, R. (2023). Ensuring of Financial Stability of the Enterprise by Financial Management Tools. In: Alareeni, B., Hamdan, A. (eds) Sustainable Finance, Digitalization and the Role of Technology. ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 487. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08084-5_56
Jencova, S., Vasanicova, P., Gavurova, B., & Bacik, R. (2022). Financial position of companies operating in food processing industry of Slovakia by using multidimensional scaling. & sociology, 15(2), 253-273. https://www.economics-sociology.eu/files/16E_1269_E&S_Jencova%20et%20al.pdf
Jenčová, S., Vašaničová, P., Štefko, R., & Lukáčová, M. (2021). Financial analysis and competitiveness of public universities of slovakia in the context of financial management. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 24(2), 156–177. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2021.24.2.10
Kilay, A. L., Simamora, B. H., & Putra, D. P. (2022). The Influence of E-Payment and E-Commerce Services on Supply Chain Performance: Implications of Open Innovation and Solutions for the Digitalization of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(3), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030119
Kolbe, D., Frasquet, M., & Calderon, H. (2022). The role of market orientation and innovation capability in export performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises: a Latin American perspective. Multinational Business Review, 30(2), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-10-2020-0202
Kołodziejczyk-Kęsoń, A., & Grebski, M. (2023). Cost Effectiveness of the Zero-Net Energy Passive House. Management Systems in Production Engineering, 31(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2023-0006
Kumar, R. R., Stauvermann, P. J., Patel, A., Prasad, S., & Kumar, N. N. (2022). Profitability Determinants of the Insurance Sector in Small Pacific Island States: A Study of Fiji’s Insurance Companies. Engineering Economics, 33(3), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.33.3.19583
Lacombe, I., & Jarboui, A. (2023). Governance and management of digital transformation projects: an exploratory approach in the financial sector. International Journal of Innovation Science, 15(4), 611–635. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-02-2022-0034
Leins, S. (2020). ‘Responsible investment’: ESG and the post-crisis ethical order. Economy and Society, 49(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2020.1702414
Ley 590 de 2000. Por la cual se dictan disposiciones para promover el desarrollo de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresa. 10 de julio de 2000. D.O. No. 44078.
López-Rodríguez, C. E., & Espinosa-Rodríguez, M. A. (2021). Riesgo operacional: comportamiento de sus factores en el sector bancario de Bogotá Colombia. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(6 Edición Especial), 439–456. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.26.e6.27
Mai, H. L. T. (2023). Optimizing profitability through capital structure: An empirical analysis of Vietnamese commercial banks. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 10(12), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.12.009
Martínez Jiménez, S. A. (2021). Retos del sistema financiero colombiano en la Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Semestre Económico, 24(56), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.22395/seec.v24n56a11
Masya, M., Wamitu, S., & Weru, J. (2022). Resource allocation and strategy implementation in commercial banks branches in machakos sub county. European Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 7(2), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.47604/ejbsm.1665
Menne, F., Surya, B., Yusuf, M., Suriani, S., Ruslan, M., & Iskandar, I. (2022). Optimizing the Financial Performance of SMEs Based on Sharia Economy: Perspective of Economic Business Sustainability and Open Innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology,
Market, and Complexity, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010018
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American economic review, 48(3), 261-297.
Muhammed, S., Desalegn, G., & Emese, P. (2024). Effect of Capital Structure on the Financial Performance of Ethiopian Commercial Banks. Risks, 12(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12040069
Naili, M., & Lahrichi, Y. (2022). Banks’ credit risk, systematic determinants and specific factors: recent evidence from emerging markets. Heliyon, 8(2), e08960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08960
Ortiz-Fajardo, H. A., & Erazo-Álvarez, C. A. (2021). Resiliencia empresarial en tiempos de pandemia: Retos y desafíos de las microempresas. Revista Arbitrada Interdisciplinaria Koinonía, 6(12), 366. https://doi.org/10.35381/r.k.v6i12.1293
Pakurár, M., Haddad, H., Nagy, J., Popp, J., & Oláh, J. (2019). The Impact of Supply Chain Integration and Internal Control on Financial Performance in the Jordanian Banking Sector. Sustainability, 11(5), 1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051248
Resende, M., Carvalho, C., & Carmo, C. (2024). Impacts of the Expected Credit Loss Model on Pro-Cyclicality, Earnings Management, and Equity Management in the Portuguese Banking Sector. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(3), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17030112
Rodriguez-Lozano, G. I. (2021). Los cambios en la productividad del sector bancario colombiano en el período 2002-2016. Apuntes Del Cenes, 40(71). https://doi.org/10.19053/01203053.v40.n71.2021.11120
Salcca-Lagar, E., & Arpi-Mayta, R. (2021). Estructura de mercado del sector bancario y su relación con el crecimiento económico: una revisión de literatura. Semestre Económico, 10(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.26867/se.2021.v10i1.114
Skare, M., & Riberio Soriano, D. (2021). How globalization is changing digital technology adoption: An international perspective. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 6(4), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2021.04.001
Szymura, A. (2022). Risk Assessment of Polish Joint Stock Companies: Prediction of Penalties or Compensation Payments. Risks, 10(5), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10050102
Tálas, D., & Rózsa, A. (2015). Financial competitiveness analysis in the Hungarian dairy industry. Competitiveness Review, 25(4), 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-03-2015-0016
Villa Luna, C., Ríos Bolivar, H., y Sánchez-Cano, J. E. (2024). La competitividad en la gestión financiera medida a través de la rentabilidad; la empresa petrolera PEMEX y su comparativo con Equinor de Noruega. Contaduría y Administración, 70(1), 492. https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2025.5202
Vinueza Aizaga, N. D. (2023). Innovación financiera y su impacto en la estabilidad del sistema financiero global. Bastcorp International Journal, 2(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.62943/bij.v2i1.25
Zhang, H., Sun, Y., & Meng, C. (2023). Sustainable Urban Competitiveness from a Financial Development Perspective: An Empirical Study of China. Sustainability, 15(5), 4225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054225
Zhao, Y., Chupradit, S., Hassan, M., Soudagar, S., Shoukry, A. M., & Khader, J. (2021). The role of technical efficiency, market competition and risk in the banking performance in G20 countries. Business Process Management Journal, 27(7), 2144–2160. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2020-0570
Zhuk, I. (2022). Public Administration System in the Field of Finance Under the Influence of Digitalization. Economic Affairs, 67(3). https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.3.2022.11
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Dec 17, 2024
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Navarro Claro , G., & Bayona Soto, J. A. (2024). Competitividad financiera de los principales bancos en Colombia. Desarrollo Gerencial, 16(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.17081/dege.16.2.7299
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