Intellectual capital and scientific-technical knowledge transfer in research groups
Main Article Content
Keywords
Intellectual capital, knowledge management, research groups, universities
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to diagnose the components of intellectual capital in the R&D process and the mechanisms of knowledge transfer in research groups in Colombia for improving knowledge management and technology management practices. Method: A quantitative approach was implemented through a survey with 15 items for the intellectual capital construct and 10 items for the scientific-technical knowledge transfer construct to 214 researchers from research groups in Colombia. Results: The main findings indicate that three types of human capital and seven mechanisms of knowledge transfer have a very high priority according to the coincidence in the respondents’ opinions. Discussions: The greater importance given to the drivers of human and relational capital by researchers at the University of the Basque Country is evident. Conclusions: There are two generalized gaps in all groups because they have moderate knowledge of the five types of relational and structural capital. The research groups best classified by Minciencias (A1 and A) know the human capital: CH4, CH1, CH3, and CH2 (from highest to lowest). The research groups classified in categories B and C have moderate knowledge of the five types of human capital.
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References
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Bekkers, R., & Bodas Freitas, I. M. (2008). Analysing knowledge transfer channels between universities and industry: To what degree do sectors also matter? Research Policy, 37(10), 1837–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.007
Bezhani, I. (2010). Intellectual capital reporting at UK universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(2), 179–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931011039679
Bucheli, V., Díaz, A., Calderón, J. P., Lemoine, P., Valdivia, J. A., Villaveces, J. L., & Zarama, R. (2012). Growth of scientific production in Colombian universities: An intellectual capital-based approach. Scientometrics, 91(2), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0627-7
Castellano, S., Davidson, P., & Khelladi, I. (2017). Creativity techniques to enhance knowledge transfer within global virtual teams in the context of knowledge-intensive enterprises. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(2), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9509-0
Cricelli, L., Greco, M., Grimaldi, M., & Llanes Dueñas, L. P. (2018). Intellectual capital and university performance in emerging countries: Evidence from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2017-0037
De Frutos-Belizón, J., Martín-Alcázar, F., & Sánchez-Gardey, G. (2019). Conceptualizing academic intellectual capital: definition and proposal of a measurement scale. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 20(3), 306–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2018-0152
Del Giudice, M., Carayannis, E. G., & Maggioni, V. (2017). Global knowledge intensive enterprises and international technology transfer: emerging perspectives from a quadruple helix environment. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9496-1
Drummond, C., & Fischhoff, B. (2017). Development and Validation of the Scientific Reasoning Scale. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1906
Feng, H. I., Chen, C. S., Wang, C. H., & Chiang, H. C. (2012). The role of intellectual capital and university technology transfer offices in university-based technology transfer. Service Industries Journal, 32(6), 899–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.545883
Galan-Muros, V., & Ríos, G. (2020). Educación superior, Productividad y Competitividad en Iberoamérica. In Pódium, 3(7), 1–40. https://cipyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Podium7.pdf
Gander, J. P. (1987). University/industry research linkages and knowledge transfers: A general equilibrium approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 31(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(87)90044-8
Habersam, M., Piber, M., & Skoog, M. (2018). Ten years of using knowledge balance sheets in Austrian public universities: A retrospective and prospective view. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-07-2017-0089
HelmStevens, R., Brown, K., & Russell, J. (2011). Introducing the Intellectual Capital Interplay Model: Advancing Knowledge Frameworks in the Not-for-Profit Environment of Higher Education. International Education Studies, 4(2), 126-140. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v4n2p126
Hewitt-Dundas, N., Gkypali, A., & Roper, S. (2019). Does learning from prior collaboration help firms to overcome the ‘two-worlds’ paradox in university-business collaboration? Research Policy, 48(5), 1310–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.01.016
Hui, Y., & Lihua, S. (2018). Research on the Mode of University-Enterprise Cooperation to Promote Engineering Students’ Employment. E3S Web of Conferences, 38, 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183804027
Ionita, C., & Dinu, E. (2021). The effect of intangible assets on sustainable growth and firm value – Evidence on intellectual capital investment in companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange. Kybernetes, 50(10), 2823–2849. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-05-2020-0325
Landry, R., Saïhi, M., Amara, N., & Ouimet, M. (2010). Evidence on how academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities. Research Policy, 39(10), 1387–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.08.003
Lehmann, E., & Menter, M. (2016). University-Industry Collaboration and Regional Wealth. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2758559
Liu, H. (2018). In the shadow of criminalisation: Intellectual property criminal law, enforcement institutions and practices in China and the United States. Information and Communications Technology Law, 27(2), 185–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1458451
Lu, Y., Li, G., Luo, Z., Anwar, M., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Does Intellectual Capital Spur Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Growth?: A Study of Chinese and Pakistani Firms. SAGE Open, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244021996702
Maltseva, A., Veselov, I., Lelchitskiy, I., Gridchina, A., & Maimina, E. (2018). The role of university’s intellectual capital in creation of scientific activity’s results. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 15(3), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2018.10014953
Mariani, G., Carlesi, A., & Scarfò, A. A. (2018). Academic spinoffs as a value driver for intellectual capital: the case of the University of Pisa. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 202–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2017-0050
Martínez-Torres, M. R. (2006). A procedure to design a structural and measurement model of Intellectual Capital: An exploratory study. Information and Management, 43(5), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.03.002
Mercado-Salgado, P., Gil-Monte, P., & Cernas-Ortiz, D. A. (2016). Validity of a Scale Measuring Intellectual Capital in Universities. Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-2.viem
Mouritsen, J. (2006). Problematising intellectual capital research: Ostensive versus performative IC. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 19(6), 820–841. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570610709881
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2015). Policy dialogue, knowledge sharing and engaging in mutual learning. https://bit.ly/3W71om9
Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual [OMPI]. (2021a). Protección de la propiedad intelectual. https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/es/2021/01/article_0003.html
Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual [OMPI]. (2021b). Como negocias licencias tecnológicas. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/es/licensing/903/wipo_pub_903.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual [OMPI]. (2021c). Acuerdos de transferencia de tecnología. https://bit.ly/3OabdOi
Pedro, E., Leitão, J., & Alves, H. (2018). Back to the future of intellectual capital research: a systematic literature review. Management Decision, 56(11), 2502–2583. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2017-0807
Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E., Broström, A., D’Este, P., Fini, R., Geuna, A., Grimaldi, R., Hughes, A., Krabel, S., Kitson, M., Llerena, P., Lissoni, F., Salter, A., & Sobrero, M. (2013). Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university-industry relations. Research Policy, 42(2), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.007
Ramírez-Córcoles, Y., & Manzaneque-Lizano, M. (2015). The relevance of intellectual capital disclosure: Empirical evidence from Spanish universities. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 13(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1057/kmrp.2013.27
Ramírez, Y., & Gordillo, S. (2014). Recognition and measurement of intellectual capital in Spanish universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(1), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2013-0058
Ramírez, Y. (2013). Intellectual capital management and reporting in european higher education institutions. Intangible Capital, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.201
Rodríguez, A., Charterina, J., & Hartmann, P. (2003). ¿Vinculaciones entre tipos de conocimiento relevantes para la gestión de la I+D en universidades?: Análisis de un caso. In G. Hirigoien & A. Terceño (Eds.), Papers proceedings 2003. XVII Congreso Anual. Evolución Revolución y Saber en las organizaciones. (pp. 1323–1336).
Rossi, F., Rosli, A., & Yip, N. (2017). Academic engagement as knowledge co-production and implications for impact: Evidence from Knowledge Transfer Partnerships. Journal of Business Research, 80(November 2016), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.06.019
Rotolo, D., & Petruzzelli, A. (2012). When does centrality matter? Scientific productivity and the moderating role of research specialization and cross-community ties. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 60(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1822
Salinas-Ávila, J., Abreu-Ledón, R., & Tamayo-Arias, J. (2020). Intellectual capital and knowledge generation: an empirical study from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 1053–1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0223
Sánchez, M., & Rivera, S. (2009). A model for measuring research capacity using an intellectual capital-based approach in a colombian higher education institution. Innovar, 9(19), 179–197. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81819025013
Sarmiento, J. (2021). Determinantes de la transferencia tecnológica universitaria en Colombia [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana]. Repositorio UPB. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11912/8363
Secundo, G., Elena- Perez, S., Martinaitis, Ž. and Leitner, K.-H. (2015). "An intellectual capital maturity model (ICMM) to improve strategic management in European universities: A dynamic approach". Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(2), 419-442. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-06-2014-0072
Secundo, G., Dumay, J., Schiuma, G., & Passiante, G. (2016). Managing intellectual capital through a collective Intelligence approach: An integrated framework for universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(2), 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2015-0046
Secundo, G., Massaro, M., Dumay, J., & Bagnoli, C. (2018). Intellectual capital management in the fourth stage of IC research: A critical case study in university settings. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-11-2016-0113
Tizkar Sadabadi, A., & Abdul Manaf, A. (2018). IKML approach to integrating knowledge management and learning for software project management. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 16(3), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2018.1474165
Ulrich, W., & Dash., D. (2013). Research Skills for the Future: Summary andCritique of a Comparative Study in Eight Countries. Journal of Research Practice, 9(1), 1-25. http://www.jrp.icaap.org/index.php/jrp/article/view/377/304
Van den Brink, M., Fruytier, B., & Thunnissen, M. (2013). Talent management in academia: Performance systems and HRM policies. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00196.x
Velez, C. I., Afcha, S. M., & Bustamante, M. A. (2019). Cooperation between university-enterprises and its effect on innovative business performance. Informacion Tecnologica, 30(1), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642019000100159
Vick, T. E., & Robertson, M. (2018). A systematic literature review of UK university- industry collaboration for knowledge transfer: A future research agenda. Science and Public Policy, 45(4), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCIPOL/SCX086
Villani, E., Rasmussen, E., & Grimaldi, R. (2017). How intermediary organizations facilitate university–industry technology transfer: A proximity approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 86–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.06.004
Bekkers, R., & Bodas Freitas, I. M. (2008). Analysing knowledge transfer channels between universities and industry: To what degree do sectors also matter? Research Policy, 37(10), 1837–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.007
Bezhani, I. (2010). Intellectual capital reporting at UK universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(2), 179–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931011039679
Bucheli, V., Díaz, A., Calderón, J. P., Lemoine, P., Valdivia, J. A., Villaveces, J. L., & Zarama, R. (2012). Growth of scientific production in Colombian universities: An intellectual capital-based approach. Scientometrics, 91(2), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0627-7
Castellano, S., Davidson, P., & Khelladi, I. (2017). Creativity techniques to enhance knowledge transfer within global virtual teams in the context of knowledge-intensive enterprises. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(2), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9509-0
Cricelli, L., Greco, M., Grimaldi, M., & Llanes Dueñas, L. P. (2018). Intellectual capital and university performance in emerging countries: Evidence from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-02-2017-0037
De Frutos-Belizón, J., Martín-Alcázar, F., & Sánchez-Gardey, G. (2019). Conceptualizing academic intellectual capital: definition and proposal of a measurement scale. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 20(3), 306–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2018-0152
Del Giudice, M., Carayannis, E. G., & Maggioni, V. (2017). Global knowledge intensive enterprises and international technology transfer: emerging perspectives from a quadruple helix environment. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9496-1
Drummond, C., & Fischhoff, B. (2017). Development and Validation of the Scientific Reasoning Scale. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1906
Feng, H. I., Chen, C. S., Wang, C. H., & Chiang, H. C. (2012). The role of intellectual capital and university technology transfer offices in university-based technology transfer. Service Industries Journal, 32(6), 899–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.545883
Galan-Muros, V., & Ríos, G. (2020). Educación superior, Productividad y Competitividad en Iberoamérica. In Pódium, 3(7), 1–40. https://cipyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Podium7.pdf
Gander, J. P. (1987). University/industry research linkages and knowledge transfers: A general equilibrium approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 31(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(87)90044-8
Habersam, M., Piber, M., & Skoog, M. (2018). Ten years of using knowledge balance sheets in Austrian public universities: A retrospective and prospective view. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-07-2017-0089
HelmStevens, R., Brown, K., & Russell, J. (2011). Introducing the Intellectual Capital Interplay Model: Advancing Knowledge Frameworks in the Not-for-Profit Environment of Higher Education. International Education Studies, 4(2), 126-140. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v4n2p126
Hewitt-Dundas, N., Gkypali, A., & Roper, S. (2019). Does learning from prior collaboration help firms to overcome the ‘two-worlds’ paradox in university-business collaboration? Research Policy, 48(5), 1310–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.01.016
Hui, Y., & Lihua, S. (2018). Research on the Mode of University-Enterprise Cooperation to Promote Engineering Students’ Employment. E3S Web of Conferences, 38, 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183804027
Ionita, C., & Dinu, E. (2021). The effect of intangible assets on sustainable growth and firm value – Evidence on intellectual capital investment in companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange. Kybernetes, 50(10), 2823–2849. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-05-2020-0325
Landry, R., Saïhi, M., Amara, N., & Ouimet, M. (2010). Evidence on how academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities. Research Policy, 39(10), 1387–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.08.003
Lehmann, E., & Menter, M. (2016). University-Industry Collaboration and Regional Wealth. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2758559
Liu, H. (2018). In the shadow of criminalisation: Intellectual property criminal law, enforcement institutions and practices in China and the United States. Information and Communications Technology Law, 27(2), 185–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1458451
Lu, Y., Li, G., Luo, Z., Anwar, M., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Does Intellectual Capital Spur Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Growth?: A Study of Chinese and Pakistani Firms. SAGE Open, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244021996702
Maltseva, A., Veselov, I., Lelchitskiy, I., Gridchina, A., & Maimina, E. (2018). The role of university’s intellectual capital in creation of scientific activity’s results. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 15(3), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2018.10014953
Mariani, G., Carlesi, A., & Scarfò, A. A. (2018). Academic spinoffs as a value driver for intellectual capital: the case of the University of Pisa. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 202–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2017-0050
Martínez-Torres, M. R. (2006). A procedure to design a structural and measurement model of Intellectual Capital: An exploratory study. Information and Management, 43(5), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.03.002
Mercado-Salgado, P., Gil-Monte, P., & Cernas-Ortiz, D. A. (2016). Validity of a Scale Measuring Intellectual Capital in Universities. Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-2.viem
Mouritsen, J. (2006). Problematising intellectual capital research: Ostensive versus performative IC. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 19(6), 820–841. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570610709881
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2015). Policy dialogue, knowledge sharing and engaging in mutual learning. https://bit.ly/3W71om9
Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual [OMPI]. (2021a). Protección de la propiedad intelectual. https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/es/2021/01/article_0003.html
Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual [OMPI]. (2021b). Como negocias licencias tecnológicas. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/es/licensing/903/wipo_pub_903.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual [OMPI]. (2021c). Acuerdos de transferencia de tecnología. https://bit.ly/3OabdOi
Pedro, E., Leitão, J., & Alves, H. (2018). Back to the future of intellectual capital research: a systematic literature review. Management Decision, 56(11), 2502–2583. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2017-0807
Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E., Broström, A., D’Este, P., Fini, R., Geuna, A., Grimaldi, R., Hughes, A., Krabel, S., Kitson, M., Llerena, P., Lissoni, F., Salter, A., & Sobrero, M. (2013). Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university-industry relations. Research Policy, 42(2), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.007
Ramírez-Córcoles, Y., & Manzaneque-Lizano, M. (2015). The relevance of intellectual capital disclosure: Empirical evidence from Spanish universities. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 13(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1057/kmrp.2013.27
Ramírez, Y., & Gordillo, S. (2014). Recognition and measurement of intellectual capital in Spanish universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(1), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2013-0058
Ramírez, Y. (2013). Intellectual capital management and reporting in european higher education institutions. Intangible Capital, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.201
Rodríguez, A., Charterina, J., & Hartmann, P. (2003). ¿Vinculaciones entre tipos de conocimiento relevantes para la gestión de la I+D en universidades?: Análisis de un caso. In G. Hirigoien & A. Terceño (Eds.), Papers proceedings 2003. XVII Congreso Anual. Evolución Revolución y Saber en las organizaciones. (pp. 1323–1336).
Rossi, F., Rosli, A., & Yip, N. (2017). Academic engagement as knowledge co-production and implications for impact: Evidence from Knowledge Transfer Partnerships. Journal of Business Research, 80(November 2016), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.06.019
Rotolo, D., & Petruzzelli, A. (2012). When does centrality matter? Scientific productivity and the moderating role of research specialization and cross-community ties. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 60(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1822
Salinas-Ávila, J., Abreu-Ledón, R., & Tamayo-Arias, J. (2020). Intellectual capital and knowledge generation: an empirical study from Colombian public universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 1053–1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0223
Sánchez, M., & Rivera, S. (2009). A model for measuring research capacity using an intellectual capital-based approach in a colombian higher education institution. Innovar, 9(19), 179–197. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81819025013
Sarmiento, J. (2021). Determinantes de la transferencia tecnológica universitaria en Colombia [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana]. Repositorio UPB. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11912/8363
Secundo, G., Elena- Perez, S., Martinaitis, Ž. and Leitner, K.-H. (2015). "An intellectual capital maturity model (ICMM) to improve strategic management in European universities: A dynamic approach". Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(2), 419-442. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-06-2014-0072
Secundo, G., Dumay, J., Schiuma, G., & Passiante, G. (2016). Managing intellectual capital through a collective Intelligence approach: An integrated framework for universities. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(2), 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2015-0046
Secundo, G., Massaro, M., Dumay, J., & Bagnoli, C. (2018). Intellectual capital management in the fourth stage of IC research: A critical case study in university settings. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(1), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-11-2016-0113
Tizkar Sadabadi, A., & Abdul Manaf, A. (2018). IKML approach to integrating knowledge management and learning for software project management. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 16(3), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2018.1474165
Ulrich, W., & Dash., D. (2013). Research Skills for the Future: Summary andCritique of a Comparative Study in Eight Countries. Journal of Research Practice, 9(1), 1-25. http://www.jrp.icaap.org/index.php/jrp/article/view/377/304
Van den Brink, M., Fruytier, B., & Thunnissen, M. (2013). Talent management in academia: Performance systems and HRM policies. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00196.x
Velez, C. I., Afcha, S. M., & Bustamante, M. A. (2019). Cooperation between university-enterprises and its effect on innovative business performance. Informacion Tecnologica, 30(1), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642019000100159
Vick, T. E., & Robertson, M. (2018). A systematic literature review of UK university- industry collaboration for knowledge transfer: A future research agenda. Science and Public Policy, 45(4), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCIPOL/SCX086
Villani, E., Rasmussen, E., & Grimaldi, R. (2017). How intermediary organizations facilitate university–industry technology transfer: A proximity approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 86–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.06.004
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May 19, 2023
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Durango Yepes, C. M., & Díaz Peláez, A. (2023). Intellectual capital and scientific-technical knowledge transfer in research groups. Desarrollo Gerencial, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17081/dege.15.1.6099
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