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Copyright (c) 2020 Carolina Vargas Porras, Zayne Milena Roa-Díaz, Hernán Guillermo Hernández-Hincapié, Carme Ferré-Grau, María Inmaculada De Molina-Fernández

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Adoption of the Maternal Role Scale in Colombia
Corresponding Author(s) : Carolina Vargas Porras
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2020
Abstract
Background: At present, an instrument with a disciplinary, valid, reliable and culturally adapted theoretical support is required to measure the process of becoming a first-time mother.
Methods: Adaptation scale and validation scale study. Experts of Colombia participated in the facial validity and the content validity, for cultural adaptation. The content validity index and factor analysis were performed. A total of 282 first-time mothers participated in the survey to establish construct validity and reliability. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Results:he cultural adaptation was achieved. Facial validity for mothers was found as follows: high comprehension (97%). For experts: high comprehension (95.50%), high clarity (94.38%) and high precision (93.58%). In relevance, the content validity index was 0.97 (highly relevant) and in pertinence, the content validity index was 0.96 (highly pertinent). In the factor validation, ten factors that accounted for 66% of the variance were identified. Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.96 CI95% (0.95-0.97).
Conclusion: The scale of Adoption of the Maternal Role culturally adapted in Colombia is valid and reliable for first-time mothers with full-term babies. This scale makes possible to identify the level: low, medium or high, of the process of becoming a mother and can be used to evaluate interventions focused on favoring the process of becoming a mother.
Keywords
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1. Alligood MR. Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book: Unit V: Middle Range Theories: Ramona T. Mercer: Maternal Role Attainment-Becoming a Mother. 9th Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
2. Mercer RT. Becoming a mother versus maternal role attainment. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2004;36 (3):226-32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04042.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04042.x</a>
3. Mercer RT. Nursing support of the process of becoming a mother. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35 (5):649-51. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00086.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00086.x</a>
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7. Shorey S, Chee CYI, Ng ED, Chan YH, Tam WWS, Chong YS. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:235-48. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001</a>
8. Tsai SS, Wang HH. Role changes in primiparous women during 'doing the month' period. Midwifery. 2019;74:6-13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.007</a>
9. Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G, Corcoran P. First-time mothers: social support, maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21 (3-4):388-97. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x</a>
10. Pritchett R, Kemp J, Wilson P, Minnis H, Bryce G, Gillberg C. Quick, simple measures of family relationships for use in clinical practice and research. A systematic review. Fam Pract. 2011;28 (2):172-87. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmq080">https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmq080</a>
11. Karp SM, Lutenbacher M, Wallston KA. Evaluation of the parenting sense of competence scale in mothers of infants. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24 (11):3474-81. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0149-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0149-z</a>
12. Abidin RR. Parenting stress index (PSI-4): professional manual. 4th ed ed. Lutz, FL: PAR; 2012. 167 p., 1 formulario (3 p.) p.
13. Callahan JL, Borja SE. Psychological outcomes and measurement of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2008;22 (1):49-59. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000311875.38452.26">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000311875.38452.26</a>
14. Matthey S. Assessing the experience of motherhood: the Being a Mother Scale (BaM-13). J Affect Disord. 2011;128 (1-2):142-52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.032">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.032</a>
15. Condon JT, Corkindale C. The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: development of a self-report questionnaire instrument. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1998;16:76 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02646839808404558">https://doi.org/10.1080/02646839808404558</a>
16. Shin H, Kim YH. Maternal Attachment Inventory: psychometric evaluation of the Korean version. J Adv Nurs. 2007;59 (3):299-307. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04322.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04322.x</a>
17. Ohan JL, Leung DW, Johnston C. The Parenting Sense of Competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement. 2000;32 (4):251. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087122">https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087122</a>
18. Farkas-Klein C. Escala de evaluación parental (EEP): desarrollo, propiedades psicométricas y aplicaciones. Univ. Psychol. 2008;7 (2):457-67.
19. Phumonsakul S, Somboonsab O, Siriwatanachok U. Development of maternal role attainment scale (MRAS): revised short form and psychometric characteristics. J Nurs Sci. 2004;22 (1):28-38.
20. Panthumas S, Kittipichai W. Validation of the Maternal Identity Scale for Primiparous Thai Teenage Mothers. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2019;13 (1):69-75. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2019.01.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2019.01.007</a>
21. Shrestha S, Adachi K, A Petrini M, Shrestha S. Maternal Role: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2019;7 (3):1732-41.
22. Garrido MC, Marchán M. Adopción del rol materno en madres adolescentes primerizas según grupo de convivencia. Rev. Psicol. Trujillo (Perú). 2011;13 (1): 11-28.
23. Condori FA, Cuba P, Sarmely Y. Tipos de convivencia y adopción del rol materno en madres primiparas. Centro médico universitario Pedro P. Diaz Arequipa. 2015.
24. Valerio G, Sinthya D. Adopción del rol materno en madres adolescentes primerizas frente al cuidado del recién nacido en una comunidad rural de Huánuco. 2016.
25. Lascano DC. La adaptabilidad al rol materno y su influencia en los síntomas ansiosos depresivos en mujeres en la etapa postneonatal. Caso: Centro de Salud Ingahurco Ambato área 1: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; 2018.
26. Dalauh R, Jiménez AJG, Almécija PA. Re-inventando la investigación en salud y educación para una sociedad transcultural: propuestas de acción: Universidad Almería. El rol materno en mujeres puérperas. Otavalo-Ecuador, 2019;372-379 p.
27. Rodríguez CC. Transformando la Práctica del Cuidado desde el Propio Conocimiento de la Disciplina de Enfermería. Cienc. innov. salud. 2014; 2 (2):97–104. <a href="http://portal.unisimonbolivar.edu.co:82/rdigital/innovacionsalud">http://portal.unisimonbolivar.edu.co:82/rdigital/innovacionsalud</a>
28. Vargas C, Hernández LM. Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario “Prácticas de cuidado que realizan consigo mismas las mujeres en el posparto”. av.enferm 2010;28 (1):96-106.
29. Fehring R. The Fehring model. Classification of nursing diagnoses: proceedings of the tenth conference of North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1994. p.55-62.
30. Muñiz J, Elosua P, Hambleton RK. Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: segunda edición. Psicothema. 2013;25 (2):151-7.
31. Muñiz J, Hernández A, Ponsoda V. Nuevas directrices sobre el uso de los tests: investigación, control de calidad y seguridad. Papeles del psicólogo. 2015;36 (3):161-73.
32. Hernández R, Fernández C, Baptista Lucio MdP. Metodología de la investigación (6.Ed). 6. ed: McGraw-Hill; 2014. 634p. p.
33. Polit D, Beck T, Owen S. Focus on research methods is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30:459-67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199">https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199</a>
34. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. New York: Routledge; 2008. x, 485 p.p.
35. Khoja S, Scott RE, Casebeer AL, Mohsin M, Ishaq AF, Gilani S. e-Health readiness assessment tools for healthcare institutions in developing countries. Telemed J E Health. 2007;13 (4):425-31. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2006.0064">https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2006.0064</a>
36. Carvajal-Carrascal G. Medición de fenómenos de enfermería: el reto de la validez y confiabilidad de la investigación cuantitativa. Aquichan, 2012;12 (1):5-7
37. Ramada-Rodilla JM, Serra-Pujadas C, Delclós-Clanchet GL. Adaptación cultural y validación de cuestionarios de salud: revisión y recomendaciones metodológicas. Salud Pública de México. 2013;55:57-66. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342013000100009">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342013000100009</a>
38. Saglam A. Relation between socio-demographic characteristics and burnout levels of faculty members. Mustafa Kemal University. J Soc Sci Institute. 2011;8 (15):407-20.
39. Aguilar L, Castellanos M. Adaptación lingüístico-cultural de una escala argentina de perfeccionismo infantil al contexto venezolano. Revista electrónica de metodología aplicada. 2016;21 (2):1-32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17811/rema.21.2.2016.1-32">https://doi.org/10.17811/rema.21.2.2016.1-32</a>
40. Cuevas VM, Tristán-López A. Influencia de la direccionalidad de los ítem en los resultados de instrumentos de medición. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología. 2014;10 (1):29-43. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2014.0001.02">https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2014.0001.02</a>
References
2. Mercer RT. Becoming a mother versus maternal role attainment. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2004;36 (3):226-32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04042.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04042.x</a>
3. Mercer RT. Nursing support of the process of becoming a mother. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35 (5):649-51. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00086.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00086.x</a>
4. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Estadísticas vitales año 2016 [consultado 02 Nov 2019] <a href="http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/salud/nacimientos-y-defunciones/nacimientos/nacimientos-2016">http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/salud/nacimientos-y-defunciones/nacimientos/nacimientos-2016</a>.
5. Ong SF, Chan WC, Shorey S, Chong YS, Klainin-Yobas P, He HG. Postnatal experiences and support needs of first-time mothers in Singapore: a descriptive qualitative study. Midwifery. 2014;30 (6):772-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.09.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.09.004</a>
6. das Neves JM, Ribeiro Fonseca MF, Ramos AM. Challenges of motherhood in the voice of primiparous mothers: initial difficulties. Invest Educ Enferm. 2017;35 (3):285-94. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v35n3a05">https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v35n3a05</a>
7. Shorey S, Chee CYI, Ng ED, Chan YH, Tam WWS, Chong YS. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:235-48. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001</a>
8. Tsai SS, Wang HH. Role changes in primiparous women during 'doing the month' period. Midwifery. 2019;74:6-13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.007</a>
9. Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G, Corcoran P. First-time mothers: social support, maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21 (3-4):388-97. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x</a>
10. Pritchett R, Kemp J, Wilson P, Minnis H, Bryce G, Gillberg C. Quick, simple measures of family relationships for use in clinical practice and research. A systematic review. Fam Pract. 2011;28 (2):172-87. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmq080">https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmq080</a>
11. Karp SM, Lutenbacher M, Wallston KA. Evaluation of the parenting sense of competence scale in mothers of infants. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24 (11):3474-81. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0149-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0149-z</a>
12. Abidin RR. Parenting stress index (PSI-4): professional manual. 4th ed ed. Lutz, FL: PAR; 2012. 167 p., 1 formulario (3 p.) p.
13. Callahan JL, Borja SE. Psychological outcomes and measurement of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2008;22 (1):49-59. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000311875.38452.26">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000311875.38452.26</a>
14. Matthey S. Assessing the experience of motherhood: the Being a Mother Scale (BaM-13). J Affect Disord. 2011;128 (1-2):142-52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.032">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.032</a>
15. Condon JT, Corkindale C. The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: development of a self-report questionnaire instrument. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1998;16:76 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02646839808404558">https://doi.org/10.1080/02646839808404558</a>
16. Shin H, Kim YH. Maternal Attachment Inventory: psychometric evaluation of the Korean version. J Adv Nurs. 2007;59 (3):299-307. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04322.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04322.x</a>
17. Ohan JL, Leung DW, Johnston C. The Parenting Sense of Competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement. 2000;32 (4):251. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087122">https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087122</a>
18. Farkas-Klein C. Escala de evaluación parental (EEP): desarrollo, propiedades psicométricas y aplicaciones. Univ. Psychol. 2008;7 (2):457-67.
19. Phumonsakul S, Somboonsab O, Siriwatanachok U. Development of maternal role attainment scale (MRAS): revised short form and psychometric characteristics. J Nurs Sci. 2004;22 (1):28-38.
20. Panthumas S, Kittipichai W. Validation of the Maternal Identity Scale for Primiparous Thai Teenage Mothers. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2019;13 (1):69-75. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2019.01.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2019.01.007</a>
21. Shrestha S, Adachi K, A Petrini M, Shrestha S. Maternal Role: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2019;7 (3):1732-41.
22. Garrido MC, Marchán M. Adopción del rol materno en madres adolescentes primerizas según grupo de convivencia. Rev. Psicol. Trujillo (Perú). 2011;13 (1): 11-28.
23. Condori FA, Cuba P, Sarmely Y. Tipos de convivencia y adopción del rol materno en madres primiparas. Centro médico universitario Pedro P. Diaz Arequipa. 2015.
24. Valerio G, Sinthya D. Adopción del rol materno en madres adolescentes primerizas frente al cuidado del recién nacido en una comunidad rural de Huánuco. 2016.
25. Lascano DC. La adaptabilidad al rol materno y su influencia en los síntomas ansiosos depresivos en mujeres en la etapa postneonatal. Caso: Centro de Salud Ingahurco Ambato área 1: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; 2018.
26. Dalauh R, Jiménez AJG, Almécija PA. Re-inventando la investigación en salud y educación para una sociedad transcultural: propuestas de acción: Universidad Almería. El rol materno en mujeres puérperas. Otavalo-Ecuador, 2019;372-379 p.
27. Rodríguez CC. Transformando la Práctica del Cuidado desde el Propio Conocimiento de la Disciplina de Enfermería. Cienc. innov. salud. 2014; 2 (2):97–104. <a href="http://portal.unisimonbolivar.edu.co:82/rdigital/innovacionsalud">http://portal.unisimonbolivar.edu.co:82/rdigital/innovacionsalud</a>
28. Vargas C, Hernández LM. Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario “Prácticas de cuidado que realizan consigo mismas las mujeres en el posparto”. av.enferm 2010;28 (1):96-106.
29. Fehring R. The Fehring model. Classification of nursing diagnoses: proceedings of the tenth conference of North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1994. p.55-62.
30. Muñiz J, Elosua P, Hambleton RK. Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: segunda edición. Psicothema. 2013;25 (2):151-7.
31. Muñiz J, Hernández A, Ponsoda V. Nuevas directrices sobre el uso de los tests: investigación, control de calidad y seguridad. Papeles del psicólogo. 2015;36 (3):161-73.
32. Hernández R, Fernández C, Baptista Lucio MdP. Metodología de la investigación (6.Ed). 6. ed: McGraw-Hill; 2014. 634p. p.
33. Polit D, Beck T, Owen S. Focus on research methods is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30:459-67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199">https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199</a>
34. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. New York: Routledge; 2008. x, 485 p.p.
35. Khoja S, Scott RE, Casebeer AL, Mohsin M, Ishaq AF, Gilani S. e-Health readiness assessment tools for healthcare institutions in developing countries. Telemed J E Health. 2007;13 (4):425-31. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2006.0064">https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2006.0064</a>
36. Carvajal-Carrascal G. Medición de fenómenos de enfermería: el reto de la validez y confiabilidad de la investigación cuantitativa. Aquichan, 2012;12 (1):5-7
37. Ramada-Rodilla JM, Serra-Pujadas C, Delclós-Clanchet GL. Adaptación cultural y validación de cuestionarios de salud: revisión y recomendaciones metodológicas. Salud Pública de México. 2013;55:57-66. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342013000100009">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342013000100009</a>
38. Saglam A. Relation between socio-demographic characteristics and burnout levels of faculty members. Mustafa Kemal University. J Soc Sci Institute. 2011;8 (15):407-20.
39. Aguilar L, Castellanos M. Adaptación lingüístico-cultural de una escala argentina de perfeccionismo infantil al contexto venezolano. Revista electrónica de metodología aplicada. 2016;21 (2):1-32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17811/rema.21.2.2016.1-32">https://doi.org/10.17811/rema.21.2.2016.1-32</a>
40. Cuevas VM, Tristán-López A. Influencia de la direccionalidad de los ítem en los resultados de instrumentos de medición. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología. 2014;10 (1):29-43. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2014.0001.02">https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2014.0001.02</a>