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Copyright (c) 2020 Jhoalmis Sierra-Castrillo, Lyz J. Gómez-Rave, Denny M. Cardenas-Sierra, Nicolás Villán-Bustamante , Nelsy Paola Acosta-León, Valmore Bermúdez-Pirela
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Correlation between levels of thyroid hormones and serum concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), in patients with type 2 diabetes
Corresponding Author(s) : Jhoalmis Sierra-Castrillo
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2020
Abstract
Background: Insulin and thyroid hormones have a shared function regulating metabolism, which has led many authors to investigate the relationship between T2D, thyroid disorders and their biochemical mediators. Methods: Based on a cross-sectional, observational cohort model, which included 125 subjects with DM2, who underwent measurements of the analytes using chemical, enzymatic and immunometric tests. Results: 88 patients were found with some type of alteration in the hormonal levels, of them more than 90.9% presented low concentration of fT4 and more than 50% low fT3, in addition an inverse correlation was found between LDH -TSH (p = 0.02) and LDH- Fructosamine (p = 0.01). In the group of unaltered diabetics, a direct correlation was found between LDH-IL-6 (p = 0.01). Conclusions: It is clear that T2D patients are vulnerable to changes in thyroid function. According to the literature, the most common disorder is subclinical hypothyroidism, but according to our results it is possible to include the development of the euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS). The interpretation of the role of PCR, IL-6 and LDH in these processes is still complex. It is suggested to investigate in a more rigorous way the LDH and its association with TSH and IL-6 during T2D
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- Golden S, Robinson K, Saldanha I, Blair Anton, Paul W. Ladenson Prevalence and Incidence of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in the United States: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(6):1853–1878. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2291
- Liberman C. Prevalencia e incidencia de los principales trastornos endocrinos y metabólicos. Rev. Med. Clin. CONDES. 2013;24(5):735-741. DOI: 10.1016/S0716-8640(13)70217-7
- American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(1):S62–S69. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-S062
- Organización Mundial de la Salud. 10 datos sobre la diabetes. Nota descriptiva. 2016. Fecha de consulta: mayo de 2020. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/diabetes/es/
- Asociación Colombiana de Endocrinología. Consenso Colombiano para el diagnóstico y manejo de las enfermedades tiroideas. Acta Médica Colombiana. 1999; Vol. 24 N° 4 - Julio-Agosto.
- Stuart Ira Fox. Fisiología Humana. Ed. McGraw-Hill 10ª Ed. 2011: 311-354.
- Azinge N. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction: an intertwined duo. Africa Health. 2015: 21- 23. Disponible en: http://africa-health.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/8.-AJDM-review-article.pdf
- Pradhan A, Manson J, MD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2001; 286(3):327-34. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.3.327
- Lakatos P, Foldes J, Horvath C, Kiss L, Agnes T, Istvan T et al. Serum Interleukin-6 and Bone Metabolism in Patients with Thyroid Function Disorders. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997; 82(1): 78-81. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.1.3641
- Pepys M, Hirschfield G. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111(12): 1805-1812. DOI: 10.1172/JCI18921
- N. Kashihara, Y. Haruna, V.K. Kondeti, and Y.S. Kanwar. Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Med Chem. 2010; 17(34): 4256–4269. DOI: 10.2174/092986710793348581
- Wu Yong. Lactate, a neglected factor diabetes and cáncer interaction. Mediators of Inflamation. 2016; 1: 1-12. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6456018
- Beers M, Porter R, Jones T, Kaplan J, Berkwits M (eds.). El Manual Merck de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento. Madrid: Elsevier; 2007.
- Miguel P. Dislipidemias. ACIMED. 2009;20(6):265-273. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/aci/v20n6/aci121209.pdf
- Koulouri O, Moran C, Halsall D, Chatterjee K, Gurnell M. Pitfalls in the measurement and interpretation of thyroid function test. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;27(6):745-762. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.003
- Aznar J, Núñez A, Muñoz T, León A, Aldana J, González R, et al. Manual de obtención y manejo de muestras para el laboratorio clínico, plan de laboratorios clínicos y bancos biológicos. Ed. Servicios Andaluz de Salud, Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía Avda. de la constitución, 18.41071. Sevilla. 2009. Disponible en: http://www.sspa.juntadeandalucia.es/servicioandaluzdesalud/publicaciones/Listadodeterminado.asp?idp=365
- Miraval L, Sánchez J. La disfunción tiroidea en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo 2013-2015. [Profesional de Médico Cirujano]. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 2016. Disponible en https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e7cd/0c9f9fb207ccd403dfbc567500692552be60.pdf
- Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las 10 causas principales de defunción en el mundo Nota descriptiva no 310. 2017. Fecha de consulta: 8 de septiembre de 2017. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/es/
- Banerjee M, Saxena M. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines: role in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 2012; 413 (15-16):1163-1170. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.021
- Makandar A, Sonagra A, Shafi N. Study of thyroid function in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic population. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2015; 4 (6): 769-772. DOI: 10.5455/ijmsph.2015.20012015155
- Malaguarnera R, Vella V, Nicolosi M, Belfiore A. Insulin Resistance: Any Role in the Changing Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017; 8:314. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00314
- Sierra J, Gómez L, Chacín M, Rojas J, Bermúdez V. Alteraciones tiroideas en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión. 2019;14(5):579-582. Disponible en http://www.revhipertension.com/rlh_5_2019/11_alteraciones_tiroideas.pdf
- Ramesh V, Geetha R, Anitha D, Swamy N, Panneerselvam T. The Study of Thyroid Dysfunction among Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int. J. Curr. Res. Aca. Rev. 2015; 3 (9): 14-18.
- Jain A, Prakash Patel R. A study of Thyroid disorder in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci. 2016; 4 (12B): 4318-4320. Disponible en https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-study-of-Thyroid-disorder-in-Type-2-Diabetes-Jain-Patel/8c0e015eba49f33bdb3de3e2d91cfd108e11f5ac
- Khan N, Muttalib M, Sultana G, Mishu F, Nesa A. Study of Thyroid Disorders among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital. Mymensingh Med J. 2017; 26(4): 874-878. Disponible en: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29208878
- Vázquez M, Rojas J, Bermúdez V. Comportamiento epidemiológico del hipotiroidismo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la ciudad de Loja – Ecuador. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión. 2013;8(4):95-102. Disponible en: http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_lh/article/view/9710
- Tang Y, Yan T, Wang G, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Jiang Z, et al. Correlation between Insulin Resistance and Thyroid Nodule in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. 2017; 2017: 1-8. DOI 10.1155/2017/1617458
- Smith A, Becket G, Walker S, et al. Abnormalities of thyroid function. In Lecture Notes on Clinical Chemistry. Sixth edition. Oxford Blackwell Service Ltd, pp 91–104, 1998.
- Barmpari M, Kokkorou M, Micheli A, Alexiou I, Spanou E, Noutsou M, et al. Thyroid Dysfunction among Greek Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Disregarded Comorbidity. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017; 2017: 1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6505814
- Wang C. The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related Thyroid Diseases. J Diabetes Res. 2013; 2013: 1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2013/390534
- Krysiak R, Kędzia A, Kowalcze K, Okopień B. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome: An important clinical problem. Wiad Lek. 2017;70(2pt2):376-385. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29059662/
- Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the euthyroid sick syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998; 138: 603–614. DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1380603
- Papanicolaou D. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome and the Role of Cytokines. Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2000; 1: 43-48. Disponible en https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010060303031
- Quispe A. Min Li X, Hong Yi. Comparison and relationship of thyroid hormones, IL-6, IL-10 and albumin as mortality predictors in case-mix critically ill patients. Cytokine. 2016; 81: 94–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.004
- De Groot L. Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome. University of Chicago. 2000; 1: 1-36. Fecha de consulta: 6 de noviembre de 2017. Disponible en http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/the-non-thyroidal-illness-syndrome/
- Harris A, Fang S, Vagenakis A, Braverman L. Effect of starvation, nutriment replacement, and hypothyroidism on in vitro hepatic T4 to T3 conversion in the rat. Metabolism 1978; 27: 1680-1690. DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(78)90290-1
- Nicholson J, Wolmarans M, Park G. The role of albumin in critical illness. Brit. J. Anaesth. 2000; 84 (4): 599–610. DOI: 10.1093/bja/85.4.599
- Azigne N. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction: an intertwined duo. The African Journal of Diabetes Medicine. 2015; 22 (2): 1-23. Disponible en: http://www.africanjournalofdiabetesmedicine.com/articles/november_2014/AJDM-478%20(Azinge).pdf
- Aschner P. Epidemiología de la diabetes en Colombia. Av Diabetol. 2010; 26:95-100. DOI: 10.1016/S1134-3230(10)62005-4
- Pradhan A. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal American Medical Association. 2001; 286 (3): 327-334. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.3.327
- Ministerio de Salud y Protección social. Resolución número 0002465 de 14 de Junio 2016. Clasificación antropométrica del estado nutricional para Adultos de 18 a 64 años de edad, según el Índice de Masa corporal - IMC. Pág. 15. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normatividad_Nuevo/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=4909
- Peixoto E, Sommer M, Santos I, Lotufo P, Benseñor I. Thyroid Function and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Cross-Sectional Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Effect of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance. Eur Thyroid J. 2016; 5: 240–246. DOI: 10.1159/000448683
- Abozenah H. Relation between thyroid hormone concentration and serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in patients with nonthyroidal illiness incluiding chronic kidney disease. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2008; 2 (1): 16-23. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19367004/
- Wajner S, Goemann L, Bueno A. IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells, J. Clin. Invest. 2011; 121 (5): 1835–1845. DOI: 10.1172/JCI44678
- Rasmussen AK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Bendtzen K. The effect of interleukin-1 on the thyroid gland. Autoimmunity. 1993;16:141-8.
- McGrowder DA. Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in patients with thyroid disorders. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2011; 14 (4): 454- 459. DOI: 10.3109/08916939308993319
- Roti E. Serum concentrations of myoglobin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and cardiac isoenzymes in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. Ric Clin Lab 1980;10:609-17. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7209295/
- Tajiri J. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme and hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1929-30. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4037958/
- Sierra J. Gómez L. Asociación de los niveles de adiponectina y del factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) con la albuminuria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Medicina & Laboratorio. 2017; 23: 257-270. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-883624?lang=es
- Antunes T. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone stimulates Interleukin-6 release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes through a cAMP-Protein Kinase a pathway. Obesity Research. 2005; 13 (12): 2066-2071. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.256
- Christ-Crain M. Elevated C-reactive protein and homocysteine values: cardiovascular risk factors in hypothyroidism? A cross-sectional and a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2003;166: 379–86. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00372-6
- Nagasaki T. Increased levels of C-reactive protein in hypothyroid patients and its correlation with arterial stiffness in the common carotid artery. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2007; 61: 167-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.10.008
- Potenza M, Via M, Yanagisawa R. Excess thyroid hormone and carbohydrate metabolism. Endocrine Practice. 2009;15(3):254–262. DOI: 10.4158/EP.15.3.254
- Althausen T, Stockholm M. The influence of the thyroid gland on absorption in the digestive tract. The American Journal of Physiology. 1938;123(3):577–588. DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.123.3.577
References
Golden S, Robinson K, Saldanha I, Blair Anton, Paul W. Ladenson Prevalence and Incidence of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in the United States: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(6):1853–1878. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2291
Liberman C. Prevalencia e incidencia de los principales trastornos endocrinos y metabólicos. Rev. Med. Clin. CONDES. 2013;24(5):735-741. DOI: 10.1016/S0716-8640(13)70217-7
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(1):S62–S69. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-S062
Organización Mundial de la Salud. 10 datos sobre la diabetes. Nota descriptiva. 2016. Fecha de consulta: mayo de 2020. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/diabetes/es/
Asociación Colombiana de Endocrinología. Consenso Colombiano para el diagnóstico y manejo de las enfermedades tiroideas. Acta Médica Colombiana. 1999; Vol. 24 N° 4 - Julio-Agosto.
Stuart Ira Fox. Fisiología Humana. Ed. McGraw-Hill 10ª Ed. 2011: 311-354.
Azinge N. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction: an intertwined duo. Africa Health. 2015: 21- 23. Disponible en: http://africa-health.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/8.-AJDM-review-article.pdf
Pradhan A, Manson J, MD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2001; 286(3):327-34. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.3.327
Lakatos P, Foldes J, Horvath C, Kiss L, Agnes T, Istvan T et al. Serum Interleukin-6 and Bone Metabolism in Patients with Thyroid Function Disorders. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997; 82(1): 78-81. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.1.3641
Pepys M, Hirschfield G. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111(12): 1805-1812. DOI: 10.1172/JCI18921
N. Kashihara, Y. Haruna, V.K. Kondeti, and Y.S. Kanwar. Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Med Chem. 2010; 17(34): 4256–4269. DOI: 10.2174/092986710793348581
Wu Yong. Lactate, a neglected factor diabetes and cáncer interaction. Mediators of Inflamation. 2016; 1: 1-12. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6456018
Beers M, Porter R, Jones T, Kaplan J, Berkwits M (eds.). El Manual Merck de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento. Madrid: Elsevier; 2007.
Miguel P. Dislipidemias. ACIMED. 2009;20(6):265-273. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/aci/v20n6/aci121209.pdf
Koulouri O, Moran C, Halsall D, Chatterjee K, Gurnell M. Pitfalls in the measurement and interpretation of thyroid function test. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;27(6):745-762. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.003
Aznar J, Núñez A, Muñoz T, León A, Aldana J, González R, et al. Manual de obtención y manejo de muestras para el laboratorio clínico, plan de laboratorios clínicos y bancos biológicos. Ed. Servicios Andaluz de Salud, Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía Avda. de la constitución, 18.41071. Sevilla. 2009. Disponible en: http://www.sspa.juntadeandalucia.es/servicioandaluzdesalud/publicaciones/Listadodeterminado.asp?idp=365
Miraval L, Sánchez J. La disfunción tiroidea en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo 2013-2015. [Profesional de Médico Cirujano]. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 2016. Disponible en https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e7cd/0c9f9fb207ccd403dfbc567500692552be60.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las 10 causas principales de defunción en el mundo Nota descriptiva no 310. 2017. Fecha de consulta: 8 de septiembre de 2017. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/es/
Banerjee M, Saxena M. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines: role in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 2012; 413 (15-16):1163-1170. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.021
Makandar A, Sonagra A, Shafi N. Study of thyroid function in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic population. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2015; 4 (6): 769-772. DOI: 10.5455/ijmsph.2015.20012015155
Malaguarnera R, Vella V, Nicolosi M, Belfiore A. Insulin Resistance: Any Role in the Changing Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017; 8:314. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00314
Sierra J, Gómez L, Chacín M, Rojas J, Bermúdez V. Alteraciones tiroideas en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión. 2019;14(5):579-582. Disponible en http://www.revhipertension.com/rlh_5_2019/11_alteraciones_tiroideas.pdf
Ramesh V, Geetha R, Anitha D, Swamy N, Panneerselvam T. The Study of Thyroid Dysfunction among Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int. J. Curr. Res. Aca. Rev. 2015; 3 (9): 14-18.
Jain A, Prakash Patel R. A study of Thyroid disorder in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci. 2016; 4 (12B): 4318-4320. Disponible en https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-study-of-Thyroid-disorder-in-Type-2-Diabetes-Jain-Patel/8c0e015eba49f33bdb3de3e2d91cfd108e11f5ac
Khan N, Muttalib M, Sultana G, Mishu F, Nesa A. Study of Thyroid Disorders among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital. Mymensingh Med J. 2017; 26(4): 874-878. Disponible en: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29208878
Vázquez M, Rojas J, Bermúdez V. Comportamiento epidemiológico del hipotiroidismo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la ciudad de Loja – Ecuador. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión. 2013;8(4):95-102. Disponible en: http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_lh/article/view/9710
Tang Y, Yan T, Wang G, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Jiang Z, et al. Correlation between Insulin Resistance and Thyroid Nodule in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. 2017; 2017: 1-8. DOI 10.1155/2017/1617458
Smith A, Becket G, Walker S, et al. Abnormalities of thyroid function. In Lecture Notes on Clinical Chemistry. Sixth edition. Oxford Blackwell Service Ltd, pp 91–104, 1998.
Barmpari M, Kokkorou M, Micheli A, Alexiou I, Spanou E, Noutsou M, et al. Thyroid Dysfunction among Greek Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Disregarded Comorbidity. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017; 2017: 1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6505814
Wang C. The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related Thyroid Diseases. J Diabetes Res. 2013; 2013: 1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2013/390534
Krysiak R, Kędzia A, Kowalcze K, Okopień B. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome: An important clinical problem. Wiad Lek. 2017;70(2pt2):376-385. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29059662/
Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the euthyroid sick syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998; 138: 603–614. DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1380603
Papanicolaou D. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome and the Role of Cytokines. Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2000; 1: 43-48. Disponible en https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010060303031
Quispe A. Min Li X, Hong Yi. Comparison and relationship of thyroid hormones, IL-6, IL-10 and albumin as mortality predictors in case-mix critically ill patients. Cytokine. 2016; 81: 94–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.004
De Groot L. Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome. University of Chicago. 2000; 1: 1-36. Fecha de consulta: 6 de noviembre de 2017. Disponible en http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/the-non-thyroidal-illness-syndrome/
Harris A, Fang S, Vagenakis A, Braverman L. Effect of starvation, nutriment replacement, and hypothyroidism on in vitro hepatic T4 to T3 conversion in the rat. Metabolism 1978; 27: 1680-1690. DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(78)90290-1
Nicholson J, Wolmarans M, Park G. The role of albumin in critical illness. Brit. J. Anaesth. 2000; 84 (4): 599–610. DOI: 10.1093/bja/85.4.599
Azigne N. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction: an intertwined duo. The African Journal of Diabetes Medicine. 2015; 22 (2): 1-23. Disponible en: http://www.africanjournalofdiabetesmedicine.com/articles/november_2014/AJDM-478%20(Azinge).pdf
Aschner P. Epidemiología de la diabetes en Colombia. Av Diabetol. 2010; 26:95-100. DOI: 10.1016/S1134-3230(10)62005-4
Pradhan A. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal American Medical Association. 2001; 286 (3): 327-334. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.3.327
Ministerio de Salud y Protección social. Resolución número 0002465 de 14 de Junio 2016. Clasificación antropométrica del estado nutricional para Adultos de 18 a 64 años de edad, según el Índice de Masa corporal - IMC. Pág. 15. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normatividad_Nuevo/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=4909
Peixoto E, Sommer M, Santos I, Lotufo P, Benseñor I. Thyroid Function and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Cross-Sectional Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Effect of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance. Eur Thyroid J. 2016; 5: 240–246. DOI: 10.1159/000448683
Abozenah H. Relation between thyroid hormone concentration and serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in patients with nonthyroidal illiness incluiding chronic kidney disease. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2008; 2 (1): 16-23. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19367004/
Wajner S, Goemann L, Bueno A. IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells, J. Clin. Invest. 2011; 121 (5): 1835–1845. DOI: 10.1172/JCI44678
Rasmussen AK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Bendtzen K. The effect of interleukin-1 on the thyroid gland. Autoimmunity. 1993;16:141-8.
McGrowder DA. Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in patients with thyroid disorders. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2011; 14 (4): 454- 459. DOI: 10.3109/08916939308993319
Roti E. Serum concentrations of myoglobin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and cardiac isoenzymes in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. Ric Clin Lab 1980;10:609-17. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7209295/
Tajiri J. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme and hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1929-30. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4037958/
Sierra J. Gómez L. Asociación de los niveles de adiponectina y del factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) con la albuminuria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Medicina & Laboratorio. 2017; 23: 257-270. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-883624?lang=es
Antunes T. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone stimulates Interleukin-6 release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes through a cAMP-Protein Kinase a pathway. Obesity Research. 2005; 13 (12): 2066-2071. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.256
Christ-Crain M. Elevated C-reactive protein and homocysteine values: cardiovascular risk factors in hypothyroidism? A cross-sectional and a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2003;166: 379–86. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00372-6
Nagasaki T. Increased levels of C-reactive protein in hypothyroid patients and its correlation with arterial stiffness in the common carotid artery. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2007; 61: 167-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.10.008
Potenza M, Via M, Yanagisawa R. Excess thyroid hormone and carbohydrate metabolism. Endocrine Practice. 2009;15(3):254–262. DOI: 10.4158/EP.15.3.254
Althausen T, Stockholm M. The influence of the thyroid gland on absorption in the digestive tract. The American Journal of Physiology. 1938;123(3):577–588. DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.123.3.577