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Copyright (c) 2021 Ines Benedetti, Laura De León, Niradiz Reyes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Effects of processing, storage time, and tissue volume in the retrieval and quality of RNA and the expression level of RNU6
Corresponding Author(s) : Ines Benedetti
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2021
Abstract
Background: Molecular analyses of tumor RNA expression have become widely used both for research and clinical purposes. Tumoral tissue preservation is a critical step to ensure accuracy of molecular-based diagnostics, for which, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues represent a valuable source of clinical samples. MicroRNAs are ideal biomarkers in FFPE-tissues, in whose expression evaluation RNU6 is one of the genes used as a normalizer. Our aim was to determine, in FFPE tissue samples, the effects of length of storage and corresponding volume of each studied sample, on the RNA retrieval, quality and concentration, as well as their correlation to the expression level of RNU6. Methods: Fifty tissue blocks with a mean length of tissue storage of 30 months (SD=±12.07, 95% CI= 27.4-34.3). were included. Total RNA was isolated, absorbance and concentrations were determined and correlated with length of storage and volume of tissue. RT-qPCR for RNU6 was performed and their Ct results were correlated to the same parameters. Results: There was a direct correlation between the concentration and quality of the obtained RNA, and an inverse correlation between the tissue storage time and the RNA quality. The volume of tissue studied was not correlated with the RNA quality or concentration. The RNA quality and the length of tissue storage directly correlated to the RNU6 expression level, while RNA concentration and the volume of tissue studied did not affect it. Conclusions: There is an association between longer FFPE tissue storage time with lower RNA quality and lower RNU6 expression level.
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- Malone ER, Oliva M, Sabatini PJB, Stockley TL, Siu LL. Molecular profiling for precision cancer therapies. Genome Med. 2020 Jan 14;12(1):8. DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0703-1
- Nam SK, Im J, Kwak Y, Han N, Nam KH, Seo AN, et al. Effects of Fixation and Storage of Human Tissue Samples on Nucleic Acid Preservation. Korean J Pathol [Internet]. 2014;48(1):36. http://www.jpatholtm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.36
- Liu H, McDowell TL, Hanson NE, Tang X, Fujimoto J, Rodriguez-Canales J. Laser Capture Microdissection for the Investigative Pathologist. Vet Pathol [Internet]. 2014 Jan 13;51(1):257–69. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0300985813510533
- Espina V, Geho D, Mehta A, Petricoin E, Liotta L, Rosenblatt K. Pathology of the Future: Molecular Profiling for Targeted Therapy. Cancer Invest [Internet]. 2005 Feb 1;23(1):36–46. http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1081/CNV-200046434&magic=crossref%7C%7CD404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3
- Yu J, Putcha P, Califano A, Silva JM. Pooled ShRNA Screenings: Computational Analysis. In: Methods in Molecular Biology [Internet]. 2013. p. 371–84. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-62703-287-2_22
- Gouveia GR, Ferreira SC, Ferreira JE, Siqueira SAC, Pereira J. Comparison of Two Methods of RNA Extraction from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2014;2014:1–5. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/151724/
- Xie R, Chung J-Y, Ylaya K, Williams RL, Guerrero N, Nakatsuka N, et al. Factors Influencing the Degradation of Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections. J Histochem Cytochem [Internet]. 2011 Apr 10;59(4):356–65. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1369/0022155411398488
- Nonn L, Ananthanarayanan V, Gann PH. Evidence for field cancerization of the prostate. Prostate [Internet]. 2009 Sep 15;69(13):1470–9. DOI: 10.1002/pros.20983
- Gründemann J, Schlaudraff F, Liss B. Laser Capture Microdissection [Internet]. Murray GI, editor. Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2011. 363–374 p. (Methods in Molecular Biology; vol. 755). http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-61779-163-5
- Yi Q, Yang R, Shi J, Zeng N, Liang D, Sha S, et al. Effect of preservation time of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues on extractable DNA and RNA quantity. J Int Med Res [Internet]. 2020 Jun 22;48(6):030006052093125. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0300060520931259
- Cox ML, Schray CL, Luster CN, Stewart ZS, Korytko PJ, M. Khan KN, et al. Assessment of fixatives, fixation, and tissue processing on morphology and RNA integrity. Exp Mol Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Apr;80(2):183–91. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001448000500122X
- Högnäs G, Kivinummi K, Kallio HML, Hieta R, Ruusuvuori P, Koskenalho A, et al. Feasibility of Prostate PAXgene Fixation for Molecular Research and Diagnostic Surgical Pathology:
- Comparison of Matched Fresh Frozen, FFPE, and PFPE Tissues. Am J Surg Pathol [Internet]. 2018;42(1):103–15. DOI: 10.1002/path.2133
- Peskoe SB, Barber JR, Zheng Q, Meeker AK, De Marzo AM, Platz EA, et al. Differential long-term stability of microRNAs and RNU6B snRNA in 12–20 year old archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2017 Dec 6;17(1):32. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3008-4
- Stewart GD, Baird J, Rae F, Nanda J, Riddick AC, Harrison DJ. Utilizing mRNA extracted from small, archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate samples for translational research: assessment of the effect of increasing sample age and storage temperature. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011 Dec;43(4):961-7. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-9948-3
- Carlsson J, Davidsson S, Fridfeldt J, et al. Quantity and quality of nucleic acids extracted from archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded prostate biopsies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):161. Published 2018 Dec 5. DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0628-1
- Ludyga N, Grünwald B, Azimzadeh O, Englert S, Höfler H, Tapio S, Aubele M. Nucleic acids from long-term preserved FFPE tissues are suitable for downstream analyses. Virchows Arch. 2012 Feb;460(2):131-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1184-9
- Nonn L, Vaishnav A, Gallagher L, Gann PH. mRNA and micro-RNA expression analysis in laser-capture microdissected prostate biopsies: Valuable tool for risk assessment and prevention trials. Exp Mol Pathol [Internet]. 2010;88(1):45–51. Available from: DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.10.005
- Siebolts U, Varnholt H, Drebber U, Dienes H-P, Wickenhauser C, Odenthal M. Tissues from routine pathology archives are suitable for microRNA analyses by quantitative PCR. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1;62(1):84–8. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2008.058339
- Dijkstra JR, Mekenkamp LJM, Teerenstra S, De Krijger I, Nagtegaal ID. MicroRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue using real time quantitative PCR: the strengths and pitfalls. J Cell Mol Med [Internet]. 2012 Apr;16(4):683–90. Available from: DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01467.x
- Esteva‑Socias M, Artiga MJ, Bahamonde O, Belar O, Bermudo R, Castro E, et al. In search of an evidence‑based strategy for quality assessment of human tissue samples: Report of the tissue Biospecimen Research Working Group of the Spanish Biobank Network. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2019;17(1):1–14. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2124-8
- von Ahlfen S, Missel A, Bendrat K, Schlumpberger M. Determinants of RNA Quality from FFPE Samples. Fraser P, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2007 Dec 5;2(12):e1261.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001261
- Scorsato AP, Telles JEQ. Fatores que interferem na qualidade do DNA extraído de amostras biológicas armazenadas em blocos de parafina. J Bras Patol e Med Lab [Internet]. 2011 Oct;47(5):541–8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-24442011000500008&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en
- Doleshal M, Magotra AA, Choudhury B, Cannon BD, Labourier E, Szafranska AE. Evaluation and validation of total RNA extraction methods for microRNA expression analyses in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Mol Diagnostics [Internet]. 2008;10(3):203–11. DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.070153
- Dunn TA, Fedor H, Isaacs WB, De Marzo AM, Luo J. Genome-wide expression analysis of recently processed formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human prostate tissues. Prostate [Internet]. 2009 Feb 1;69(2):214–8. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pros.20863
- Masuda N, Ohnishi T, Kawamoto S, Monden M, Okubo K. Analysis of chemical modification of RNA from formalin-fixed samples and optimization of molecular biology applications for such samples. Nucleic Acids Res [Internet]. 1999 Nov 1;27(22):4436–43. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/nar/27.22.4436
- Roberts L, Bowers J, Sensinger K, Lisowski A, Getts R, Anderson MG. Identification of methods for use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples in RNA expression profiling. Genomics [Internet]. 2009 Nov;94(5):341–8. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S088875430900175X
- Kachroo N, Warren AY, Gnanapragasam VJ. Multi-transcript profiling in archival diagnostic prostate cancer needle biopsies to evaluate biomarkers in non-surgically treated men. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Dec 16;14(1):673. http://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-14-673
- Xi Y, Nakajima G, Gavin E, Morris CG, Kudo K, Hayashi K, et al. Systematic analysis of microRNA expression of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. RNA [Internet]. 2007 Aug 13;13(10):1668–74. http://www.rnajournal.org/cgi/doi/10.1261/rna.642907
- Jung M, Schaefer A, Steiner I, Kempkensteffen C, Stephan C, Erbersdobler A, et al. Robust MicroRNA Stability in Degraded RNA Preparations from Human Tissue and Cell Samples. Clin Chem [Internet]. 2010 Jun 1;56(6):998–1006. https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/56/6/998/5622461
- Howe K. Extraction of miRNAs from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissues. In: Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ) [Internet]. United States; 2017. p. 17–24. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-6524-3_3
- Szafranska AE, Davison TS, Shingara J, Doleshal M, Riggenbach JA, Morrison CD, et al. Accurate molecular characterization of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by microRNA expression profiling. J Mol Diagnostics [Internet]. 2008;10(5):415–23. DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080018
- Boisen MK, Dehlendorff C, Linnemann D, Schultz NA, Jensen BV, Høgdall EVS, et al. MicroRNA Expression in Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Cancer Tissue: Identifying Reference MicroRNAs and Variability. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2015 Dec 29;15(1):1024. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2030-2
References
Malone ER, Oliva M, Sabatini PJB, Stockley TL, Siu LL. Molecular profiling for precision cancer therapies. Genome Med. 2020 Jan 14;12(1):8. DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0703-1
Nam SK, Im J, Kwak Y, Han N, Nam KH, Seo AN, et al. Effects of Fixation and Storage of Human Tissue Samples on Nucleic Acid Preservation. Korean J Pathol [Internet]. 2014;48(1):36. http://www.jpatholtm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.1.36
Liu H, McDowell TL, Hanson NE, Tang X, Fujimoto J, Rodriguez-Canales J. Laser Capture Microdissection for the Investigative Pathologist. Vet Pathol [Internet]. 2014 Jan 13;51(1):257–69. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0300985813510533
Espina V, Geho D, Mehta A, Petricoin E, Liotta L, Rosenblatt K. Pathology of the Future: Molecular Profiling for Targeted Therapy. Cancer Invest [Internet]. 2005 Feb 1;23(1):36–46. http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1081/CNV-200046434&magic=crossref%7C%7CD404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3
Yu J, Putcha P, Califano A, Silva JM. Pooled ShRNA Screenings: Computational Analysis. In: Methods in Molecular Biology [Internet]. 2013. p. 371–84. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-62703-287-2_22
Gouveia GR, Ferreira SC, Ferreira JE, Siqueira SAC, Pereira J. Comparison of Two Methods of RNA Extraction from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens. Biomed Res Int [Internet]. 2014;2014:1–5. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/151724/
Xie R, Chung J-Y, Ylaya K, Williams RL, Guerrero N, Nakatsuka N, et al. Factors Influencing the Degradation of Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections. J Histochem Cytochem [Internet]. 2011 Apr 10;59(4):356–65. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1369/0022155411398488
Nonn L, Ananthanarayanan V, Gann PH. Evidence for field cancerization of the prostate. Prostate [Internet]. 2009 Sep 15;69(13):1470–9. DOI: 10.1002/pros.20983
Gründemann J, Schlaudraff F, Liss B. Laser Capture Microdissection [Internet]. Murray GI, editor. Methods in Molecular Biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2011. 363–374 p. (Methods in Molecular Biology; vol. 755). http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-61779-163-5
Yi Q, Yang R, Shi J, Zeng N, Liang D, Sha S, et al. Effect of preservation time of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues on extractable DNA and RNA quantity. J Int Med Res [Internet]. 2020 Jun 22;48(6):030006052093125. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0300060520931259
Cox ML, Schray CL, Luster CN, Stewart ZS, Korytko PJ, M. Khan KN, et al. Assessment of fixatives, fixation, and tissue processing on morphology and RNA integrity. Exp Mol Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Apr;80(2):183–91. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001448000500122X
Högnäs G, Kivinummi K, Kallio HML, Hieta R, Ruusuvuori P, Koskenalho A, et al. Feasibility of Prostate PAXgene Fixation for Molecular Research and Diagnostic Surgical Pathology:
Comparison of Matched Fresh Frozen, FFPE, and PFPE Tissues. Am J Surg Pathol [Internet]. 2018;42(1):103–15. DOI: 10.1002/path.2133
Peskoe SB, Barber JR, Zheng Q, Meeker AK, De Marzo AM, Platz EA, et al. Differential long-term stability of microRNAs and RNU6B snRNA in 12–20 year old archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2017 Dec 6;17(1):32. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3008-4
Stewart GD, Baird J, Rae F, Nanda J, Riddick AC, Harrison DJ. Utilizing mRNA extracted from small, archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate samples for translational research: assessment of the effect of increasing sample age and storage temperature. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011 Dec;43(4):961-7. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-9948-3
Carlsson J, Davidsson S, Fridfeldt J, et al. Quantity and quality of nucleic acids extracted from archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded prostate biopsies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):161. Published 2018 Dec 5. DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0628-1
Ludyga N, Grünwald B, Azimzadeh O, Englert S, Höfler H, Tapio S, Aubele M. Nucleic acids from long-term preserved FFPE tissues are suitable for downstream analyses. Virchows Arch. 2012 Feb;460(2):131-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1184-9
Nonn L, Vaishnav A, Gallagher L, Gann PH. mRNA and micro-RNA expression analysis in laser-capture microdissected prostate biopsies: Valuable tool for risk assessment and prevention trials. Exp Mol Pathol [Internet]. 2010;88(1):45–51. Available from: DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.10.005
Siebolts U, Varnholt H, Drebber U, Dienes H-P, Wickenhauser C, Odenthal M. Tissues from routine pathology archives are suitable for microRNA analyses by quantitative PCR. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1;62(1):84–8. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2008.058339
Dijkstra JR, Mekenkamp LJM, Teerenstra S, De Krijger I, Nagtegaal ID. MicroRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue using real time quantitative PCR: the strengths and pitfalls. J Cell Mol Med [Internet]. 2012 Apr;16(4):683–90. Available from: DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01467.x
Esteva‑Socias M, Artiga MJ, Bahamonde O, Belar O, Bermudo R, Castro E, et al. In search of an evidence‑based strategy for quality assessment of human tissue samples: Report of the tissue Biospecimen Research Working Group of the Spanish Biobank Network. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2019;17(1):1–14. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2124-8
von Ahlfen S, Missel A, Bendrat K, Schlumpberger M. Determinants of RNA Quality from FFPE Samples. Fraser P, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2007 Dec 5;2(12):e1261.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001261
Scorsato AP, Telles JEQ. Fatores que interferem na qualidade do DNA extraído de amostras biológicas armazenadas em blocos de parafina. J Bras Patol e Med Lab [Internet]. 2011 Oct;47(5):541–8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-24442011000500008&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en
Doleshal M, Magotra AA, Choudhury B, Cannon BD, Labourier E, Szafranska AE. Evaluation and validation of total RNA extraction methods for microRNA expression analyses in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Mol Diagnostics [Internet]. 2008;10(3):203–11. DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.070153
Dunn TA, Fedor H, Isaacs WB, De Marzo AM, Luo J. Genome-wide expression analysis of recently processed formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human prostate tissues. Prostate [Internet]. 2009 Feb 1;69(2):214–8. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pros.20863
Masuda N, Ohnishi T, Kawamoto S, Monden M, Okubo K. Analysis of chemical modification of RNA from formalin-fixed samples and optimization of molecular biology applications for such samples. Nucleic Acids Res [Internet]. 1999 Nov 1;27(22):4436–43. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/nar/27.22.4436
Roberts L, Bowers J, Sensinger K, Lisowski A, Getts R, Anderson MG. Identification of methods for use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples in RNA expression profiling. Genomics [Internet]. 2009 Nov;94(5):341–8. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S088875430900175X
Kachroo N, Warren AY, Gnanapragasam VJ. Multi-transcript profiling in archival diagnostic prostate cancer needle biopsies to evaluate biomarkers in non-surgically treated men. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Dec 16;14(1):673. http://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-14-673
Xi Y, Nakajima G, Gavin E, Morris CG, Kudo K, Hayashi K, et al. Systematic analysis of microRNA expression of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. RNA [Internet]. 2007 Aug 13;13(10):1668–74. http://www.rnajournal.org/cgi/doi/10.1261/rna.642907
Jung M, Schaefer A, Steiner I, Kempkensteffen C, Stephan C, Erbersdobler A, et al. Robust MicroRNA Stability in Degraded RNA Preparations from Human Tissue and Cell Samples. Clin Chem [Internet]. 2010 Jun 1;56(6):998–1006. https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/56/6/998/5622461
Howe K. Extraction of miRNAs from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissues. In: Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ) [Internet]. United States; 2017. p. 17–24. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-6524-3_3
Szafranska AE, Davison TS, Shingara J, Doleshal M, Riggenbach JA, Morrison CD, et al. Accurate molecular characterization of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by microRNA expression profiling. J Mol Diagnostics [Internet]. 2008;10(5):415–23. DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080018
Boisen MK, Dehlendorff C, Linnemann D, Schultz NA, Jensen BV, Høgdall EVS, et al. MicroRNA Expression in Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Cancer Tissue: Identifying Reference MicroRNAs and Variability. BMC Cancer [Internet]. 2015 Dec 29;15(1):1024. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2030-2