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Copyright (c) 2021 Miguel Urina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Plagiarism, its detection and how to prevent it in the medical literature
Corresponding Author(s) : Miguel Urina
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2021
Abstract
Since ancient times, plagiarism in the medical scientific literature has been the worst scourge that threatens the truth that research produces. Its appearance, despite all efforts to avoid it, encourages to strengthen and reflect on the preventive measures to discourage this practice. In this article, a review is conducted based on the PubMed-indexed systematic reviews carried out in the last 30 years with the aim of studying plagiarism in the world literature. Also, the types of plagiarism that may exist, their definitions, and the tools and strategies for detection and prevention are presented. The control of plagiarism requires the combined action of education, detection, and prevention.
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- Vinod KR, Banji D. Plagiarism- history , detection and prevention. Pharm News. 2011;3(1):1–4.
- Moss S. A history of plagiarism (not my own work) [Internet]. 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/nov/23/comment.stephenmoss
- Ruiz Casanova JF. Plagio y traducción, o la traducción como plagio. 1611 Rev Hist La Traducción. 2017;(11):1–9. https://raco.cat/index.php/1611/article/view/333525
- Das N. Intentional or unintentional, it is never alright to plagiarize: A note on how Indian universities are advised to handle plagiarism. Perspect Clin Res. 2018;9(1):56–7. DOI: 10.4103/picr.PICR_140_17
- Los Editores. El plagio, la copia, la imitación: una reflexión cada vez más indispensable. Rev Bioética [Internet]. 2015 Apr;23(1):9–11. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-80422015000100009&lng=pt&tlng=pt
- Spinak E. Ética editorial: as arbitragens fraudulentas [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://blog.scielo.org/blog/2015/02/20/etica-editorial-as-arbitragens-fraudulentas/#. VO23M_nF-Y1
- Stretton S, Bramich NJ, Keys JR, Monk JA, Ely JA, Haley C, et al. Publication misconduct and plagiarism retractions: A systematic, retrospective study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(10):1575–83. DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.728131
- Alfaro-Toloza P, Mayta-Tristan P, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Publication misconduct and plagiarism retractions: A Latin American perspective. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(2):99–100. DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.755504
- Campos-Varela I, Villaverde-Castañeda R, Ruano-Raviña A. Retraction of publications: a study of biomedical journals retracting publications based on impact factor and journal category. Gac Sanit. 2020;34(5):430–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.05.008
- Wang J, Ku JC, Alotaibi NM, Rutka JT. Retraction of Neurosurgical Publications: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg [Internet]. 2017;103:809-814.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.014
- Brainard J, You J. What a massive database of retracted papers reveals about science publishing’s ‘death penalty’ [Internet]. Science. 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 17]. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/what-massive-database-retracted-papers-reveals-about-science-publishing-s-death-penalty
- Memon AR. Similarity and plagiarism in scholarly journal submissions: Bringing clarity to the concept for authors, reviewers and editors. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(27):1–8. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e217
- Wang T, Xing QR, Wang H, Chen W. Retracted Publications in the Biomedical Literature from Open Access Journals. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2019;25(3):855–68. Available from: DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0040-6
- Retraction Data Base [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 10]. http://retractiondatabase.org/RetractionSearch.aspx
- Mousavi T, Abdollahi M. A review of the current concerns about misconduct in medical sciences publications and the consequences. DARU, J Pharm Sci. 2020;28(1):359–69. DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00332-1
- Nair S, Yean C, Yoo J, Leff J, Delphin E, Adams DC. Reasons for article retraction in anesthesiology: a comprehensive analysis. Can J Anesth [Internet]. 2020;67(1):57–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-019-01508-3
- Marusic A, Wager E, Utrobicic A, Sambunjak D, Anderson MS, Rothstein HR. Interventions to prevent misconduct and promote integrity in research and publication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):1–81. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000038.pub2
- Yi N, Nemery B, Dierickx K. Integrity in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review of Studies in China. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2019;25(4):1271–301. Available from: DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0057-x
- Stavale R, Ferreira GI, Galvão JAM, Zicker F, Novaes MRCG, de Oliveira CM, et al. Research misconduct in health and life sciences research: A systematic review of retracted literature from Brazilian institutions. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):1–17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214272
- Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la lengua española: definición de “plagiar” [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 17]. https://dle.rae.es/plagiar
- Roig M. Encouraging editorial flexibility in cases of textual reuse. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(4):557–60.
- Valpy FEJ. An etymological dictionary of the Latin language [Internet]. London: Baldwin and Co.; 1828. 345 p. https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00valp/page/n13/mode/2up
- Martín SG. ¿Qué es plagio? Methodo Investig Apl a las CIencias Biol. 2020;5(4):171–4.
- Antonio Aldrete J. Plagio y otros traspasos literario-científicos en medicina y particularmente en anestesiología. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2011;39(2). DOI: 10.5554/rca.v39i2.161
- Mohammed RAA, Shaaban OM, Mahran DG, Attellawy HN, Makhlof A, Albasri A. Plagiarism in medical scientific research. J Taibah Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2015;10(1):6–11. Available from: DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.01.007
- Sharma H, Verma S. Insight into modern-day plagiarism: The science of pseudo research. Tzu Chi Med J. 2020;32(3):240–4. DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_210_19
- iThenticate. Research Ethics: Decoding Plagiarism and Attribution in Research [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 17]. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/92785/file-318578964.pdf/ithenticate-decoding-surveysummary- 092413.pdf
- Turnitin. Los 12 tipos de trabajo no original más comunes [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 10]. https://www.turnitin.com/es/infographics/prevencion-de-plagio
- COPE C de E en P. COMITE DE ETICA EN PUBLICACIONES [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://publicationethics.org
- The European Association of Science Editors (EASE). The European Association of Science Editors (EASE [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://ease.org.uk
- Roig M. Commentary: Ethical writing should be taught. Br Med J. 2006;333(7568):596–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38946.501215.68
- Memon AR, Mavrinac M. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Plagiarism as Reported by Participants Completing the AuthorAID MOOC on Research Writing. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2020;26(2):1067–88. DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00198-1
- Mogull SA. Accuracy of cited “facts” in medical research articles: A review of study methodology and recalculation of quotation error rate. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):1–17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184727
- Masic I. Plagiarism and How to Avoid It. In: A Guide to the Scientific Career [Internet]. Wiley; 2019. p. 163–77. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118907283.ch19
- Pezuk JA, Diniz SN, Pereira RM, Gonçalves ID, Costa NML da, Dias MA. El uso de softwares para identificar plagio en textos académicos y educacionales. Educ e Pesqui. 2020;46:1–22. DOI: 10.1590/S1678-4634202046217838
- El Editor. En síntesis: ¿Cuánto debo plagiar para no ser acusado de plagiador? Form Univ. 2016;9(4):1. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-50062016000400001
- ABC sociedad. El porcentaje nunca a va ser un criterio irrefutable para determinar si hay o no plagio en una tesis [Internet]. https://www.abc.es/sociedad/abci-porcentaje-nunca-criterio-irrefutable-para-determinar-si-o-no-plagio-tesis-201809150323_noticia.html
- Yip C, Han NLR, Sng BL. Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):684–8. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.190627
- Khadilkar SS. The Plague of Plagiarism: Prevention and Cure!!! J Obstet Gynecol India. 2018;68(6):425–31. DOI: 10.1007/s13224-018-1182-9
- Bettaieb J, Cherif I, kharroubi G, Mrabet A. Attitudes towards plagiarism among academics of the faculty of Medicine of Tunis. Account Res [Internet]. 2020;27(8):521–37. Available from: DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1780426
- Chowhan A, Nandyala R, Patnayak R, Phaneendra B. Plagiarism: Trespassing the grey zone between searching and researching. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3(Suppl1):S56–8.
- Masic I. The importance of proper citation of references in biomedical articles. Acta Inform Medica. 2013;21(3):148–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853614/
- Masic I, Hodzic A MS. Ethics in medical research and publication. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(9):1073–82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192767/
- Mašic I, Begić E, Donev DM, Gajović S, Gasparyan AY, Jakovljević M, et al. Sarajevo declaration on integrity and visibility of scholarly publications. Croat Med J. 2016;57(6):527–9.
- Masic I, Donev D, Sinanovic O, Jakovljevic M, Zerem E, Milosevic DB, et al. The first mediterranean seminar on science writing, editing and publishing, Sarajevo, December 2-3, 2016. Acta Inform Medica. 2016;24(6):424–35. DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.424-435
- Masic I. The Second Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing and Publishing (SWEP-2018), Sarajevo, December 8th, 2018. Med Arch (Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina). 2018;72(6):461–5.
- (OSA) OS of A. Publishing.From the Board of Editors: on Plagiarism [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://www.osapublishing.org/submit/review/plagiarism_2013.pdf
- Morton NS. Publication ethics. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19(10):1011–3.
- Siva N. Plagiarism: Cutting out cut-and-paste jobs. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2008;5(7):351.DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1169
- Sanabria L. Conceptualización jurídica del plagio en Colombia. Rev Colomb Cirugía. 2014;29(2):88–97. https://www.revistacirugia.org/index.php/cirugia/article/view/417
- Alvarez A. JC, Ceballos Bedoya MA, Muñoz Sierra ÁM. De los delitos contra los derechos de autor en el Código Penal colombiano. Nuevo Foro Penal. 2015;9(81):93–115. DOI: 10.17230/nfp.9.81.3
- Masic I. Plagiarism in Scientific Research and Publications and How to Prevent It. Mater Socio Medica. 2014;26(2):141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035147/
- Gunnarsson J, Kulesza WJ, Pettersson A. Teaching International Students How to Avoid Plagiarism: Librarians and Faculty in Collaboration. J Acad Librariansh [Internet]. 2014;40(3–4):413–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2014.04.006
- Schuster E, Levkowitz H, Oliveira O, Aluisio S, Dayrell C, Feltrim V, Tagnin S Z V. Writing Scientific Papers in English Successfully: your complete roadmap. First Edit. Schuster E, Levkowitz H OO, editor. Sao Carlos, Brazil: Compacta Grafica e Editora; 2014. 1–192 p.
References
Vinod KR, Banji D. Plagiarism- history , detection and prevention. Pharm News. 2011;3(1):1–4.
Moss S. A history of plagiarism (not my own work) [Internet]. 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/nov/23/comment.stephenmoss
Ruiz Casanova JF. Plagio y traducción, o la traducción como plagio. 1611 Rev Hist La Traducción. 2017;(11):1–9. https://raco.cat/index.php/1611/article/view/333525
Das N. Intentional or unintentional, it is never alright to plagiarize: A note on how Indian universities are advised to handle plagiarism. Perspect Clin Res. 2018;9(1):56–7. DOI: 10.4103/picr.PICR_140_17
Los Editores. El plagio, la copia, la imitación: una reflexión cada vez más indispensable. Rev Bioética [Internet]. 2015 Apr;23(1):9–11. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-80422015000100009&lng=pt&tlng=pt
Spinak E. Ética editorial: as arbitragens fraudulentas [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://blog.scielo.org/blog/2015/02/20/etica-editorial-as-arbitragens-fraudulentas/#. VO23M_nF-Y1
Stretton S, Bramich NJ, Keys JR, Monk JA, Ely JA, Haley C, et al. Publication misconduct and plagiarism retractions: A systematic, retrospective study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(10):1575–83. DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.728131
Alfaro-Toloza P, Mayta-Tristan P, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Publication misconduct and plagiarism retractions: A Latin American perspective. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(2):99–100. DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.755504
Campos-Varela I, Villaverde-Castañeda R, Ruano-Raviña A. Retraction of publications: a study of biomedical journals retracting publications based on impact factor and journal category. Gac Sanit. 2020;34(5):430–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.05.008
Wang J, Ku JC, Alotaibi NM, Rutka JT. Retraction of Neurosurgical Publications: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg [Internet]. 2017;103:809-814.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.014
Brainard J, You J. What a massive database of retracted papers reveals about science publishing’s ‘death penalty’ [Internet]. Science. 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 17]. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/what-massive-database-retracted-papers-reveals-about-science-publishing-s-death-penalty
Memon AR. Similarity and plagiarism in scholarly journal submissions: Bringing clarity to the concept for authors, reviewers and editors. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(27):1–8. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e217
Wang T, Xing QR, Wang H, Chen W. Retracted Publications in the Biomedical Literature from Open Access Journals. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2019;25(3):855–68. Available from: DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0040-6
Retraction Data Base [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 10]. http://retractiondatabase.org/RetractionSearch.aspx
Mousavi T, Abdollahi M. A review of the current concerns about misconduct in medical sciences publications and the consequences. DARU, J Pharm Sci. 2020;28(1):359–69. DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00332-1
Nair S, Yean C, Yoo J, Leff J, Delphin E, Adams DC. Reasons for article retraction in anesthesiology: a comprehensive analysis. Can J Anesth [Internet]. 2020;67(1):57–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-019-01508-3
Marusic A, Wager E, Utrobicic A, Sambunjak D, Anderson MS, Rothstein HR. Interventions to prevent misconduct and promote integrity in research and publication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):1–81. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000038.pub2
Yi N, Nemery B, Dierickx K. Integrity in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review of Studies in China. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2019;25(4):1271–301. Available from: DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0057-x
Stavale R, Ferreira GI, Galvão JAM, Zicker F, Novaes MRCG, de Oliveira CM, et al. Research misconduct in health and life sciences research: A systematic review of retracted literature from Brazilian institutions. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):1–17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214272
Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la lengua española: definición de “plagiar” [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 17]. https://dle.rae.es/plagiar
Roig M. Encouraging editorial flexibility in cases of textual reuse. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(4):557–60.
Valpy FEJ. An etymological dictionary of the Latin language [Internet]. London: Baldwin and Co.; 1828. 345 p. https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00valp/page/n13/mode/2up
Martín SG. ¿Qué es plagio? Methodo Investig Apl a las CIencias Biol. 2020;5(4):171–4.
Antonio Aldrete J. Plagio y otros traspasos literario-científicos en medicina y particularmente en anestesiología. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2011;39(2). DOI: 10.5554/rca.v39i2.161
Mohammed RAA, Shaaban OM, Mahran DG, Attellawy HN, Makhlof A, Albasri A. Plagiarism in medical scientific research. J Taibah Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2015;10(1):6–11. Available from: DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.01.007
Sharma H, Verma S. Insight into modern-day plagiarism: The science of pseudo research. Tzu Chi Med J. 2020;32(3):240–4. DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_210_19
iThenticate. Research Ethics: Decoding Plagiarism and Attribution in Research [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 17]. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/92785/file-318578964.pdf/ithenticate-decoding-surveysummary- 092413.pdf
Turnitin. Los 12 tipos de trabajo no original más comunes [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 10]. https://www.turnitin.com/es/infographics/prevencion-de-plagio
COPE C de E en P. COMITE DE ETICA EN PUBLICACIONES [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://publicationethics.org
The European Association of Science Editors (EASE). The European Association of Science Editors (EASE [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://ease.org.uk
Roig M. Commentary: Ethical writing should be taught. Br Med J. 2006;333(7568):596–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38946.501215.68
Memon AR, Mavrinac M. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Plagiarism as Reported by Participants Completing the AuthorAID MOOC on Research Writing. Sci Eng Ethics [Internet]. 2020;26(2):1067–88. DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00198-1
Mogull SA. Accuracy of cited “facts” in medical research articles: A review of study methodology and recalculation of quotation error rate. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):1–17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184727
Masic I. Plagiarism and How to Avoid It. In: A Guide to the Scientific Career [Internet]. Wiley; 2019. p. 163–77. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118907283.ch19
Pezuk JA, Diniz SN, Pereira RM, Gonçalves ID, Costa NML da, Dias MA. El uso de softwares para identificar plagio en textos académicos y educacionales. Educ e Pesqui. 2020;46:1–22. DOI: 10.1590/S1678-4634202046217838
El Editor. En síntesis: ¿Cuánto debo plagiar para no ser acusado de plagiador? Form Univ. 2016;9(4):1. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-50062016000400001
ABC sociedad. El porcentaje nunca a va ser un criterio irrefutable para determinar si hay o no plagio en una tesis [Internet]. https://www.abc.es/sociedad/abci-porcentaje-nunca-criterio-irrefutable-para-determinar-si-o-no-plagio-tesis-201809150323_noticia.html
Yip C, Han NLR, Sng BL. Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):684–8. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.190627
Khadilkar SS. The Plague of Plagiarism: Prevention and Cure!!! J Obstet Gynecol India. 2018;68(6):425–31. DOI: 10.1007/s13224-018-1182-9
Bettaieb J, Cherif I, kharroubi G, Mrabet A. Attitudes towards plagiarism among academics of the faculty of Medicine of Tunis. Account Res [Internet]. 2020;27(8):521–37. Available from: DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1780426
Chowhan A, Nandyala R, Patnayak R, Phaneendra B. Plagiarism: Trespassing the grey zone between searching and researching. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3(Suppl1):S56–8.
Masic I. The importance of proper citation of references in biomedical articles. Acta Inform Medica. 2013;21(3):148–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853614/
Masic I, Hodzic A MS. Ethics in medical research and publication. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(9):1073–82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192767/
Mašic I, Begić E, Donev DM, Gajović S, Gasparyan AY, Jakovljević M, et al. Sarajevo declaration on integrity and visibility of scholarly publications. Croat Med J. 2016;57(6):527–9.
Masic I, Donev D, Sinanovic O, Jakovljevic M, Zerem E, Milosevic DB, et al. The first mediterranean seminar on science writing, editing and publishing, Sarajevo, December 2-3, 2016. Acta Inform Medica. 2016;24(6):424–35. DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.424-435
Masic I. The Second Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing and Publishing (SWEP-2018), Sarajevo, December 8th, 2018. Med Arch (Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina). 2018;72(6):461–5.
(OSA) OS of A. Publishing.From the Board of Editors: on Plagiarism [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. https://www.osapublishing.org/submit/review/plagiarism_2013.pdf
Morton NS. Publication ethics. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19(10):1011–3.
Siva N. Plagiarism: Cutting out cut-and-paste jobs. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2008;5(7):351.DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1169
Sanabria L. Conceptualización jurídica del plagio en Colombia. Rev Colomb Cirugía. 2014;29(2):88–97. https://www.revistacirugia.org/index.php/cirugia/article/view/417
Alvarez A. JC, Ceballos Bedoya MA, Muñoz Sierra ÁM. De los delitos contra los derechos de autor en el Código Penal colombiano. Nuevo Foro Penal. 2015;9(81):93–115. DOI: 10.17230/nfp.9.81.3
Masic I. Plagiarism in Scientific Research and Publications and How to Prevent It. Mater Socio Medica. 2014;26(2):141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4035147/
Gunnarsson J, Kulesza WJ, Pettersson A. Teaching International Students How to Avoid Plagiarism: Librarians and Faculty in Collaboration. J Acad Librariansh [Internet]. 2014;40(3–4):413–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2014.04.006
Schuster E, Levkowitz H, Oliveira O, Aluisio S, Dayrell C, Feltrim V, Tagnin S Z V. Writing Scientific Papers in English Successfully: your complete roadmap. First Edit. Schuster E, Levkowitz H OO, editor. Sao Carlos, Brazil: Compacta Grafica e Editora; 2014. 1–192 p.