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Copyright (c) 2021 Daniela Botero-González, Mario Ortiz, Adriana María Herrera-Rubio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Two-dimensional craniometry: morphometry and cephalometry
Corresponding Author(s) : Daniela Botero-González
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2021
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, bone research has raised interest; the function, shape and alterations of bone tissue have been analyzed and reported. Craniometry is a method developed as a tool for the precise measurement of the skull and facial structures and it has been used not only for humans, but for a variety of mammals. Morphometry is used to study and quantitatively compare the shape variation of biological objects, organs and organisms. Cephalometry uses two-dimensional measurements of the head and face involving a radiographic analysis to provide data on soft tissue, dental and skeletal relationships. Papers regarding bone research are difficult to access and usually, craniometry and morphometry are reported separately. The object of this article is to report a two-dimensional craniometry performed in rats, using both morphometry and cephalometry. This specific craniometry is a functional, well established method which involves the entire anatomical aspects of the skull.
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- Gentile J. A craniometric study of the Norway Rat. Journal of Mammalogy. 1952;33(2):190-197. DOI: 10.2307/1375928
- Sarnat B. Some Methods of Assessing Postnatal Craniofaciodental Growth: A Retrospective of Personal Research. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 1997;34(2):159-172. DOI:10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0159_smoapc_2.3.co_2
- Ikbal NHM, Pathmanathan D, Bhassu S, Simarani K, Omar H. Morphometric Analysis of Craniodental Characters of the House Rat, Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana. 2019;48(10):2103–2111.
- Persson EC, Engström C & Thilander B. The effect of thyroxine on craniofacial morphology in the growing rat. Part I: A longitudinal cephalometric analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1989;11(1):59:66. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035966
- Richtsmeier J, Baxter L, Reeves R. Parallels of craniofacial maldevelopment in Down syndrome and Ts65Dn mice. Dev Dyn. 2000;217(2):137-145. DOI:10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200002)217:2<137::aid-dvdy1>3.0.co;2-n
- Fernandes R, Abreu A, Silva R, Silva D, Martinez G, Babinski M, Ramos C. Maternal malnutrition during lactation reduces skull growth in weaned rat pups: experimental and morphometric investigation. Anat Sci Int. 2008;83(3):123-130. DOI:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00212.x
- Yang B, Tian C, Zhang Z, Han F, Azem R, Yu H. Sh3pxd2b Mice Are a Model for Craniofacial Dysmorphology and Otitis Media. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7):e22622. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0022622
- Engström C, Linde A, Thilander B. Craniofacial morphology and growth in the rat. Cephalometric analysis of the effects of a low calcium and vitamin D-deficient diet. J Anat. 1982;134(2):299-314. IN: https://europepmc.org/scanned?pageindex=13&articles=pmc1167919
- Abbassy M, Watari I, Soma K. Effect of experimental diabetes on craniofacial growth in rats. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53(9):819-825. DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.02.008
- Lele S, Richtsmeier J. Euclidean distance matrix analysis: a coordinate-free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1991;86(3):415-427. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330860307
- Spence J. Method of Studying the Skull Development of the Living Rat by Serial Cephalometric Roentgenograms. Angle Orthod. 1940;10(3):127-139. DOI:10.1043/0003-3219(1940)010<0127:MOSTSD>2.0.CO;2
- Asling C, Frank H. Roentgen Cephalometric Studies on Skull Development in Rats. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1963;21(4):527-543. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330210410
References
Gentile J. A craniometric study of the Norway Rat. Journal of Mammalogy. 1952;33(2):190-197. DOI: 10.2307/1375928
Sarnat B. Some Methods of Assessing Postnatal Craniofaciodental Growth: A Retrospective of Personal Research. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 1997;34(2):159-172. DOI:10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0159_smoapc_2.3.co_2
Ikbal NHM, Pathmanathan D, Bhassu S, Simarani K, Omar H. Morphometric Analysis of Craniodental Characters of the House Rat, Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana. 2019;48(10):2103–2111.
Persson EC, Engström C & Thilander B. The effect of thyroxine on craniofacial morphology in the growing rat. Part I: A longitudinal cephalometric analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1989;11(1):59:66. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035966
Richtsmeier J, Baxter L, Reeves R. Parallels of craniofacial maldevelopment in Down syndrome and Ts65Dn mice. Dev Dyn. 2000;217(2):137-145. DOI:10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200002)217:2<137::aid-dvdy1>3.0.co;2-n
Fernandes R, Abreu A, Silva R, Silva D, Martinez G, Babinski M, Ramos C. Maternal malnutrition during lactation reduces skull growth in weaned rat pups: experimental and morphometric investigation. Anat Sci Int. 2008;83(3):123-130. DOI:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00212.x
Yang B, Tian C, Zhang Z, Han F, Azem R, Yu H. Sh3pxd2b Mice Are a Model for Craniofacial Dysmorphology and Otitis Media. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7):e22622. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0022622
Engström C, Linde A, Thilander B. Craniofacial morphology and growth in the rat. Cephalometric analysis of the effects of a low calcium and vitamin D-deficient diet. J Anat. 1982;134(2):299-314. IN: https://europepmc.org/scanned?pageindex=13&articles=pmc1167919
Abbassy M, Watari I, Soma K. Effect of experimental diabetes on craniofacial growth in rats. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53(9):819-825. DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.02.008
Lele S, Richtsmeier J. Euclidean distance matrix analysis: a coordinate-free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1991;86(3):415-427. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330860307
Spence J. Method of Studying the Skull Development of the Living Rat by Serial Cephalometric Roentgenograms. Angle Orthod. 1940;10(3):127-139. DOI:10.1043/0003-3219(1940)010<0127:MOSTSD>2.0.CO;2
Asling C, Frank H. Roentgen Cephalometric Studies on Skull Development in Rats. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1963;21(4):527-543. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330210410