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Copyright (c) 2022 Egelbert Sidrac Peña Merlano, Anoris Fernández Gutiérrez, Roberto Navarro Quiroz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Association between immunological biomarkers with cardiovascular risk in young adults
Corresponding Author(s) : Egelbert Sidrac Peña Merlano
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2022
Abstract
Objective: To establish an association between serum levels of immunological biomarkers with cardiovascular risk in young adults. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study that employed 130 students from two university institutions in the cities of Barranquilla and Santa Marta, Colombia, 55 male and 75 female, with an average age of 19.49 years. The serum biomarker levels Antistreptolysin O (ASLO), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Rheumatoid Factor (RF) were determined by the latex particle precipitation method, while cardiovascular risk was established using the Framinghan scale, adjusted according to age. Results: For cardiovascular risk levels by gender, the comparative result showed a higher high risk in the male gender (38.1%), compared to the female gender (24%), while the maximum risk reflected parity in both genders (20% for men and 21.3% for women); high levels of ASLO are related to high cardiovascular risk in 29.97% of the individuals analyzed; while CRP and Rheumatic Factor presented variable levels in any degree of cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: The present study showed that there is no clear statistical association between the levels of ASLO, CRP and RF with cardiovascular risk, as evidenced by those of HDL cholesterol, in the population studied.
Key words: Biomarker, Cardiovascular risk, inflammation, Immunoassay, Framingham.
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- Bachmann KN, Wang TJ. Biomarcadores de enfermedad cardiovascular: contribuciones a la predicción del riesgo en personas con diabetes. Diabetología. 2018;61(5):987-995. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4442-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28956084/
- Tonhajzerova I, Olexova LB, Jurko A Jr, et al. Novel Biomarkers of Early Atherosclerotic Changes for Personalised Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3720. Published 2019 Jul 30. doi:10.3390/ijms20153720 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31366035/
- Précoma DB, Oliveira GMM, Simão AF, et al. Updated Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019 [published correction appears in Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Apr;116(4):855]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(4):787-891. Published 2019 Nov 4. doi:10.5935/abc.20190204 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31691761/
- Kane AE, Sinclair DA. Frailty biomarkers in humans and rodents: Current approaches and future advances. Mech Ageing Dev. 2019;180:117-128. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2019.03.007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002925/
- Castillo Sánchez M, Galera Morcillo L, Sánchez Sánchez JA, Menárguez Puche JF. Sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en el ámbito cardiovascular: factores de riesgo, no enfermedades. Aten Primaria. 2018;50 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):20-29. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2018.08.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30274865/
- Brotons Cuixart C, Alemán Sánchez JJ, Banegas Banegas JR, et al. Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2018 [published correction appears in Aten Primaria. 2018 Dec;50(10):655]. Aten Primaria. 2018;50 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):4-28. doi:10.1016/S0212-6567(18)30360-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29866357/
- Steven S, Frenis K, Oelze M, et al. Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019; 2019:7092151. Published 2019 Jun 23. doi:10.1155/2019/7092151 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31341533/
- Hystad P, Larkin A, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of outdoor fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease in 157 436 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Planet Health. 2020; 4(6):e235-e245. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30103-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32559440/
- Zhu L, Olsen RJ, Lee JD, Porter AR, DeLeo FR, Musser JM. Contribution of Secreted NADase and Streptolysin O to the Pathogenesis of Epidemic Serotype M1 Streptococcus pyogenes Infections. Am J Pathol. 2017;187(3):605-613. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.003 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28034602/
- Mastrangelo A, Serafinelli J, Giani M, Montini G. Clinical and Pathophysiological Insights Into Immunological Mediated Glomerular Diseases in Childhood. Front Pediatr. 2020; 8:205. Published 2020 May 12. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00205 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32478016/
- Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection. Front Immunol. 2018; 9:754. Published 2018 Apr 13. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29706967/
- Sun M, Zhang L, Chen S, Liu X, Shao X, Zou H. Association of C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Disorder in a Chinese Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):8228-8242. Published 2015 Jul 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph120708228 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26193292/
- Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, et al. C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:430. Published 2018 Mar 2. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552019/
- Fonseca FAH, Izar MCO. Proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad y enfermedad cardiovascular entre países y etnias. Clínicas. 2016;71(4):235-42. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2016(04)11
- Shiroishi M, Ito Y, Shimokawa K, Lee JM, Kusakabe T, Ueda T. Structure-function analyses of a stereotypic rheumatoid factor unravel the structural basis for germline-encoded antibody autoreactivity. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(18):7008-7016. doi:10.1074/jbc.M117.814475 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29523691/
- Maibom-Thomsen SL, Trier NH, Holm BE, et al. Immunoglobulin G structure and rheumatoid factor epitopes. PLoS One. 2019;14(6): e0217624. Published 2019 Jun 14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217624 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31199818/
- Quisi, A , Alıcı, G . La relación entre el nivel de factor reumatoide sérico y el fenómeno de no reflujo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST sometidos a una intervención coronaria percutánea primaria. Anal de laboratorio de J Clin. 2018; 32:e22598. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22598
- Reyes-Avilés E, Kostadinova L, Rusterholtz A, Cruz-Lebrón A, Falck-Ytter Y. Presence of Rheumatoid Factor during Chronic HCV Infection Is Associated with Expansion of Mature Activated Memory B-Cells that Are Hypo-Responsive to B-Cell Receptor Stimulation and Persist during the Early Stage of IFN Free Therapy. PLoS One. 2015; 10(12): e0144629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144629
- Mendoza Coussette Ulises, Alonso Biosca María Eugenia. Factor reumatoide con marcadores de riesgo aterogénico en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd [Internet]. 2015 Mar [citado 2022 Jun 27] ; 34( 1 ): 33-43. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03002015000100004&lng=es.
- Nicole M Armstrong, Katherine J Bangen, Rhoda Au, Alden L Gross, Associations Between Midlife (but Not Late-Life) Elevated Coronary Heart Disease Risk and Lower Cognitive Performance: Results From the Framingham Offspring Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 188, Issue 12, December 2019, Pages 2175–2187, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz210
- Gutiérrez Tovar, Diego Alejandro. Validación del empleo de la proteína c reactiva ultrasensible en la determinación del nivel de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes de entre 12 a 16 años de la unidad educativa 19 de septiembre de la ciudad de salcedo [disertación]: Universidad Técnica de Ambato; 2014 [tesis] http://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/8392
- Acevedo M, Arnáiz P, Barja S, Bambs C, Berríos X, Guzmán B. Carvajal J., Cassis B, Navarrete C. Proteína C reactiva y su relación con adiposidad, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y aterosclerosis subclínica en niños sanos. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2007; 60(10), , Pp 1051-1058, ISSN 0300-8932. https://doi.org/10.1157/13111237. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300893207751631)
- Fernández-Giusti Alicia Jesús, Amemiya-Hoshi Isabel, Acosta-Evangelista Zully Luz, Solis-Acosta Hilda, Cambillo-Moyano Enma, Gutarra-Vela María et al . Proteína C reactiva y su relación con la adiposidad abdominal y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares. Acta méd. peruana [Internet]. 2015 Oct [citado 2022 Jun 27] ; 32(4): 229-234. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1728-59172015000400006&lng=es.
- Ghisays M, Suarez M, Lastre G, Fuentes Y, Orozco S, Schonewolff S, Verdooren K. Estado nutricional de niños menores de cinco años en el caribe colombiano. Ciencia e innovación en Salud. 2018. e62:1-13. DOI 10.17081/innosa.62
- Kuzmar, L. & Jordan, J.Cervical ectopic pregnancy with colic abdominal pain. Ciencia e Innovación en salud. 2017; 4(2):1-5 DOI10.17081/innosa. 4.2.2852
- Hernández Batista Sulema de la Caridad, Villafuerte Morales Johanna Elizabeth, Chimbolema Mullo Sergio Orlando, Pilamunga Lema Cesar Lenin. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas. Rev Cuba Reumatol [Internet]. 2020 Abr [citado 2022 Jun 27] ; 22(1): e107. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1817-59962020000100003&lng=es.
- Pérez-Ybarra L., Chacón M., Gutiérrez C., Hernández, Vianellys, Flores, Karla, Sibrian, Bethelguese, Álvarez, Francisco, Títulos de antiestreptolisina O en escolares del estado Aragua, Venezuela. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología [Internet]. 2012;32(1):13-17. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199424929004
References
Bachmann KN, Wang TJ. Biomarcadores de enfermedad cardiovascular: contribuciones a la predicción del riesgo en personas con diabetes. Diabetología. 2018;61(5):987-995. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4442-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28956084/
Tonhajzerova I, Olexova LB, Jurko A Jr, et al. Novel Biomarkers of Early Atherosclerotic Changes for Personalised Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3720. Published 2019 Jul 30. doi:10.3390/ijms20153720 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31366035/
Précoma DB, Oliveira GMM, Simão AF, et al. Updated Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019 [published correction appears in Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Apr;116(4):855]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(4):787-891. Published 2019 Nov 4. doi:10.5935/abc.20190204 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31691761/
Kane AE, Sinclair DA. Frailty biomarkers in humans and rodents: Current approaches and future advances. Mech Ageing Dev. 2019;180:117-128. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2019.03.007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002925/
Castillo Sánchez M, Galera Morcillo L, Sánchez Sánchez JA, Menárguez Puche JF. Sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en el ámbito cardiovascular: factores de riesgo, no enfermedades. Aten Primaria. 2018;50 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):20-29. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2018.08.005 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30274865/
Brotons Cuixart C, Alemán Sánchez JJ, Banegas Banegas JR, et al. Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2018 [published correction appears in Aten Primaria. 2018 Dec;50(10):655]. Aten Primaria. 2018;50 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):4-28. doi:10.1016/S0212-6567(18)30360-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29866357/
Steven S, Frenis K, Oelze M, et al. Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019; 2019:7092151. Published 2019 Jun 23. doi:10.1155/2019/7092151 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31341533/
Hystad P, Larkin A, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of outdoor fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease in 157 436 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Planet Health. 2020; 4(6):e235-e245. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30103-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32559440/
Zhu L, Olsen RJ, Lee JD, Porter AR, DeLeo FR, Musser JM. Contribution of Secreted NADase and Streptolysin O to the Pathogenesis of Epidemic Serotype M1 Streptococcus pyogenes Infections. Am J Pathol. 2017;187(3):605-613. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.003 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28034602/
Mastrangelo A, Serafinelli J, Giani M, Montini G. Clinical and Pathophysiological Insights Into Immunological Mediated Glomerular Diseases in Childhood. Front Pediatr. 2020; 8:205. Published 2020 May 12. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00205 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32478016/
Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection. Front Immunol. 2018; 9:754. Published 2018 Apr 13. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29706967/
Sun M, Zhang L, Chen S, Liu X, Shao X, Zou H. Association of C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Disorder in a Chinese Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):8228-8242. Published 2015 Jul 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph120708228 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26193292/
Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, et al. C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:430. Published 2018 Mar 2. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552019/
Fonseca FAH, Izar MCO. Proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad y enfermedad cardiovascular entre países y etnias. Clínicas. 2016;71(4):235-42. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2016(04)11
Shiroishi M, Ito Y, Shimokawa K, Lee JM, Kusakabe T, Ueda T. Structure-function analyses of a stereotypic rheumatoid factor unravel the structural basis for germline-encoded antibody autoreactivity. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(18):7008-7016. doi:10.1074/jbc.M117.814475 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29523691/
Maibom-Thomsen SL, Trier NH, Holm BE, et al. Immunoglobulin G structure and rheumatoid factor epitopes. PLoS One. 2019;14(6): e0217624. Published 2019 Jun 14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217624 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31199818/
Quisi, A , Alıcı, G . La relación entre el nivel de factor reumatoide sérico y el fenómeno de no reflujo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST sometidos a una intervención coronaria percutánea primaria. Anal de laboratorio de J Clin. 2018; 32:e22598. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22598
Reyes-Avilés E, Kostadinova L, Rusterholtz A, Cruz-Lebrón A, Falck-Ytter Y. Presence of Rheumatoid Factor during Chronic HCV Infection Is Associated with Expansion of Mature Activated Memory B-Cells that Are Hypo-Responsive to B-Cell Receptor Stimulation and Persist during the Early Stage of IFN Free Therapy. PLoS One. 2015; 10(12): e0144629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144629
Mendoza Coussette Ulises, Alonso Biosca María Eugenia. Factor reumatoide con marcadores de riesgo aterogénico en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd [Internet]. 2015 Mar [citado 2022 Jun 27] ; 34( 1 ): 33-43. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03002015000100004&lng=es.
Nicole M Armstrong, Katherine J Bangen, Rhoda Au, Alden L Gross, Associations Between Midlife (but Not Late-Life) Elevated Coronary Heart Disease Risk and Lower Cognitive Performance: Results From the Framingham Offspring Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 188, Issue 12, December 2019, Pages 2175–2187, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz210
Gutiérrez Tovar, Diego Alejandro. Validación del empleo de la proteína c reactiva ultrasensible en la determinación del nivel de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes de entre 12 a 16 años de la unidad educativa 19 de septiembre de la ciudad de salcedo [disertación]: Universidad Técnica de Ambato; 2014 [tesis] http://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/8392
Acevedo M, Arnáiz P, Barja S, Bambs C, Berríos X, Guzmán B. Carvajal J., Cassis B, Navarrete C. Proteína C reactiva y su relación con adiposidad, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y aterosclerosis subclínica en niños sanos. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2007; 60(10), , Pp 1051-1058, ISSN 0300-8932. https://doi.org/10.1157/13111237. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300893207751631)
Fernández-Giusti Alicia Jesús, Amemiya-Hoshi Isabel, Acosta-Evangelista Zully Luz, Solis-Acosta Hilda, Cambillo-Moyano Enma, Gutarra-Vela María et al . Proteína C reactiva y su relación con la adiposidad abdominal y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares. Acta méd. peruana [Internet]. 2015 Oct [citado 2022 Jun 27] ; 32(4): 229-234. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1728-59172015000400006&lng=es.
Ghisays M, Suarez M, Lastre G, Fuentes Y, Orozco S, Schonewolff S, Verdooren K. Estado nutricional de niños menores de cinco años en el caribe colombiano. Ciencia e innovación en Salud. 2018. e62:1-13. DOI 10.17081/innosa.62
Kuzmar, L. & Jordan, J.Cervical ectopic pregnancy with colic abdominal pain. Ciencia e Innovación en salud. 2017; 4(2):1-5 DOI10.17081/innosa. 4.2.2852
Hernández Batista Sulema de la Caridad, Villafuerte Morales Johanna Elizabeth, Chimbolema Mullo Sergio Orlando, Pilamunga Lema Cesar Lenin. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas. Rev Cuba Reumatol [Internet]. 2020 Abr [citado 2022 Jun 27] ; 22(1): e107. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1817-59962020000100003&lng=es.
Pérez-Ybarra L., Chacón M., Gutiérrez C., Hernández, Vianellys, Flores, Karla, Sibrian, Bethelguese, Álvarez, Francisco, Títulos de antiestreptolisina O en escolares del estado Aragua, Venezuela. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología [Internet]. 2012;32(1):13-17. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199424929004