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Copyright (c) 2015 O Ruíz Pérez, LR Méndez Duran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Aorta coartation: a systematic review
Corresponding Author(s) : O Ruíz Pérez
ornella.ruiz@hotmail.com
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2015
Abstract
Coarctation of the aorta is a pathology characterized by narrowing of the aorta, with consequent obstruction of its flow; Located more frequently at the level of the descendingthoracic aorta distal to theorigin of the left subclavian, and in the posterior wall of the artery. It accounts for approximately 5.1% (3-10%) of congenital heart defects and constitutes the eighth cardiac malformation in order of frequency. The clinical presentation of aortic coarctation is very varied and depends on the severity of the lesion and its possible association with other cardiac abnormalities. It emphasizes the type of infant and adult type, the first being the one with the highest morbidity and mortality. Two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography are the fundamental diagnostic method for aortic coarctation. Magnetic resonance angiography (MR) allows a detailed
evaluation of the aorta through a three-dimensional reconstruction that
clearly shows its defects. On the other hand, the multi-cut TAC allows the three-dimensional visualization of the arc from multiple planes, but
as an inconvenience it has the emission of radiation. Cardiac catheterization is more than a diagnostic means, a therapeutic one in which not only the location and extent of the alveolar area, the presence of associated lesions and / or collateral circulation is
demonstrated, but also allows the obtaining of a knowledge Reliability
of the severity and hemodynamic repercussion of the same. The treatment of this pathology can be initially medical, but definitively by interventional cardiac catheterization and less frequently surgical correction.
evaluation of the aorta through a three-dimensional reconstruction that
clearly shows its defects. On the other hand, the multi-cut TAC allows the three-dimensional visualization of the arc from multiple planes, but
as an inconvenience it has the emission of radiation. Cardiac catheterization is more than a diagnostic means, a therapeutic one in which not only the location and extent of the alveolar area, the presence of associated lesions and / or collateral circulation is
demonstrated, but also allows the obtaining of a knowledge Reliability
of the severity and hemodynamic repercussion of the same. The treatment of this pathology can be initially medical, but definitively by interventional cardiac catheterization and less frequently surgical correction.
Keywords
Magnetic resonance angiography, cardiac catheterization, ductus arteriosus
1.
Ruíz Pérez O, Méndez Duran L. Aorta coartation: a systematic review. Ciencia e Innovación en Salud [Internet]. 2015 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Nov. 13];3(1). Available from: https://revistas.unisimon.edu.co/index.php/innovacionsalud/article/view/94
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References
-
1. Morris MJH MDCotaaiaaEGA, Jr BJ, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (eds.). The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology. 2nd, 1347-83. eBWaWp.
2. Riemenschneider TA, Emmanouilides GC, Hirose F, Linde LM. Coarctation of the abdominal aorta in children: report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1969;44(5):716-26. Epub 1969/11/01. PubMed PMID: 5374980.
3. AM. R. Aortic arch obstruction. En: Congenital Diseases of the Heart. Clinical-Physiological considerations. Futura. Armonk NY; 2001.
4. RV L. Dysmorphology and genetics. En: Keane JF, Lock JE, Fyler DC (eds.). Nadas’ Pediatric Cardiology. 2nd ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2006. p. 49-72
5. Crafoord C NG. Congenital coarctation of the aorta and its surgical treatment J Thorac Surg 1950; 37: 46.
6. Kirklin JW, Burchell HB, Pugh DG, Burke EC, Mills SD. Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta in a ten week old infant: report of a case. Circulation. 1952;6(3):411-4. Epub 1952/09/01. PubMed PMID: 14954538.
7. RH. B. Coarctation of the aorta. En: Emmanoulides G, Rienmenschneider T, Allen H, Gutgesell H (eds.). Moss and Adams. Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents. Including the Fetus and Young Adult. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1995. p. 1111-33.
8. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B. Familial coarctation of the aorta in three generations. Annales de genetique. 1999;42(3):174-6. Epub 1999/10/20. PubMed PMID: 10526662.
9. Corvacho Angelica VB. Coartación aortica (COAO). Estudio de 55 especímenes. Revista Peruana de Cardiología Vol. XXXII Nº 1.
10. Ho SY, Anderson RH. Coarctation, tubular hypoplasia, and the ductus arteriosus. Histological study of 35 specimens. British heart journal. 1979;41(3):268-74. Epub 1979/03/01. PubMed PMID: 426975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC482025.
11. Castañeda AR JR, Mayer J, Hanley F. . Aortic coarctatiom. In: Cardiac surgery. of the neonate and infant. Castañeda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer J, Hanley F. (ed). Saunders Company, 1994; 333-352.
12. Tawes RL, Jr., Berry CL, Aberdeen E. Congenital bicuspid aortic valves associated with coarctation of the aorta in children. British heart journal. 1969;31(1):127-8. Epub 1969/01/01. PubMed PMID: 5764958; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC487457.
13. Anderson RH, Lenox CC, Zuberbuhler JR. Morphology of ventricular septal defect associated with coarctation of aorta. British heart journal. 1983;50(2):176-81. Epub 1983/08/01. PubMed PMID: 6882605; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC481392.
14. Hutchins GM. Coarctation of the aorta explained as a branch-point of the ductus arteriosus. The American journal of pathology. 1971;63(2):203-14. Epub 1971/05/01. PubMed PMID: 5090637; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2047500.
15. Rudolph AM, Heymann MA, Spitznas U. Hemodynamic considerations in the development of narrowing of the aorta. The American journal of cardiology. 1972;30(5):514-25. Epub 1972/10/01. PubMed PMID: 4672503.
16. Díaz G JG. Coartación de la aorta. In: G Diaz Góngora, N Sandoval Reyes, JF Vélez Moreno, G Carrillo Ángel. Cardiología Pediátrica. Ed Bogota Colombia. (Ed) Enma Ariza Herrera. 2003; 23:315-331.
17. Olley PM MN. Coarctation of the aorta in: Neonatal heart disease. Freedom RM, Benson LN, Smallhorn JF (ed). London: Springer Verlag. 1992: 376-3809.
18. Harlan JL, Doty DB, Brandt B, 3rd, Ehrenhaft JL. Coarctation of the aorta in infants. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 1984;88(6):1012-9. Epub 1984/12/01. PubMed PMID: 6503313.
19. Glancy DL, Morrow AG, Simon AL, Roberts WC. Juxtaductal aortic coarctation. Analysis of 84 patients studied hemodynamically, angiographically, and morphologically after age 1 year. The American journal of cardiology. 1983;51(3):537-51. Epub 1983/02/01. PubMed PMID: 6218747.
20. JD. K. Coarctation of the aorta, in: Heart disease in infancy and childhood. Keith JFD, Rowe RD, Vlad P (ed). New York: Mc Millan Publishing Co, Inc, 1978; 737-760.
21. Morrow WR, Huhta JC, Murphy DJ, Jr., McNamara DG. Quantitative morphology of the aortic arch in neonatal coarctation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1986;8(3):616-20. Epub 1986/09/01. PubMed PMID: 3745707.
22. Mareck J FM, Khambadkone S. . Aortic arch abnormalities: coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. En: Lai WW, Mertens LL, Cohen MS and Geva T. Echocardiography in pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: From Fetus to Adult. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. p. 339-62.
23. Ruth Solana Gracia LGG. Coartación de aorta e interrupción del arco aórtico. Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid.Capitulo 22:293-316.
24. C. Roldán Suárez OGV, L. Fernández López, L. Guerrero Llamas, J. Segura de la Morena y C. Campo Sien. Coartación de aorta del adulto. Unidad de Hipertensión. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid. HIPERTENSIÓN. 2001;VOL. 18(NÚM. 5).
25. Carvalho JS, Redington AN, Shinebourne EA, Rigby ML, Gibson D. Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography and coarctation of the aorta: gradients and flow patterns in the assessment of severity. British heart journal. 1990;64(2):133-7. Epub 1990/08/01. PubMed PMID: 2393611; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1024353.
26. Shih MC, Tholpady A, Kramer CM, Sydnor MK, Hagspiel KD. Surgical and endovascular repair of aortic coarctation: normal findings and appearance of complications on CT angiography and MR angiography. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2006;187(3):W302-12. Epub 2006/08/25. doi: 10.2214/ajr.05.0424. PubMed PMID: 16928909.
27. Villalba Nogales J, Fernandez-Pineda L, Herraiz Sarachaga JI, Bermudez-Canete Fernandez R, Maitre Azcarate MJ, Quero Jimenez M. [Non-surgical treatment of aortic coarctation and recoarctation]. Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003). 2004;60(6):537-43. Epub 2004/06/23. PubMed PMID: 15207165.
28. Kouchoukos NT BE, Doty DB, Hanley FL, Karp RB. . Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. En: Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (eds.). Cardiac Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 1263-327.
29. Rosenthal E. Coarctation of the aorta from fetus to adult: curable condition or life long disease process? Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2005;91(11):1495-502. Epub 2005/10/19. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.057182. PubMed PMID: 16230458;PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1769162
30. Kaushal S, Backer CL, Patel JN, Patel SK, Walker BL, Weigel TJ, et al. Coarctation of the aorta: midterm outcomes of resection with extended end-to-end anastomosis. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2009;88(6):1932-8. Epub 2009/11/26. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.08.035. PubMed PMID: 19932265.
31. Lansman S, Shapiro AJ, Schiller MS, Ritter S, Cooper R, Galla JD, et al. Extended aortic arch anastomosis for repair of coarctation in infancy. Circulation. 1986;74(3 Pt 2):I37-41. Epub 1986/09/01. PubMed PMID: 3527471.
32. Bigdelian H, Sedighi M. Repair of aortic coarctation in infancy: A 10-year clinical experience. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals. 2016. Epub 2016/04/17. doi: 10.1177/0218492316643841. PubMed PMID: 27084872.
33. O'Sullivan JJ, Derrick G, Darnell R. Prevalence of hypertension in children after early repair of coarctation of the aorta: a cohort study using casual and 24 hour blood pressure measurement. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002;88(2):163-6. Epub 2002/07/16. PubMed PMID: 12117846; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1767207.
34. Thomson JD, Mulpur A, Guerrero R, Nagy Z, Gibbs JL, Watterson KG. Outcome after extended arch repair for aortic coarctation. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2006;92(1):90-4. Epub 2005/04/23. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.058685. PubMed PMID: 15845612; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1860999.
35. Younoszai AK, Reddy VM, Hanley FL, Brook MM. Intermediate term follow-up of the end-to-side aortic anastomosis for coarctation of the aorta. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2002;74(5):1631-4. Epub 2002/11/21. PubMed PMID: 12440621.
36. Dodge-Khatami A, Backer CL, Mavroudis C. Risk factors for recoarctation and results of reoperation: a 40-year review. Journal of cardiac surgery. 2000;15(6):369-77. Epub 2001/10/27. PubMed PMID: 11678458.
37. Maxey TS, Serfontein SJ, Reece TB, Rheuban KS, Kron IL. Transverse arch hypoplasia may predispose patients to aneurysm formation after patch repair of aortic coarctation. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2003;76(4):1090-3. Epub 2003/10/08. PubMed PMID: 14529992.
38. von Kodolitsch Y, Aydin MA, Koschyk DH, Loose R, Schalwat I, Karck M, et al. Predictors of aneurysmal formation after surgical correction of aortic coarctation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;39(4):617-24. Epub 2002/02/19. PubMed PMID: 11849860.
39. Brewer LA, 3rd, Fosburg RG, Mulder GA, Verska JJ. Spinal cord complications following surgery for coarctation of the aorta. A study of 66 cases. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 1972;64(3):368-81. Epub 1972/09/01. PubMed PMID: 5054875.
40. Gaynor JW. Management strategies for infants with coarctation and an associated ventricular septal defect. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2001;122(3):424-6. Epub 2001/09/08. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2001.116942. PubMed PMID: 11547289.
41. Gaynor JW, Wernovsky G, Rychik J, Rome JJ, DeCampli WM, Spray TL. Outcome following single-stage repair of coarctation with ventricular septal defect. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2000;18(1):62-7. Epub 2000/06/28. PubMed PMID: 10869942.
42. Siblini G, Rao PS, Nouri S, Ferdman B, Jureidini SB, Wilson AD. Long-term follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of postoperative aortic recoarctation. The American journal of cardiology. 1998;81(1):61-7. Epub 1998/02/14. PubMed PMID: 9462608.
43. Patel HT, Madani A, Paris YM, Warner KG, Hijazi ZM. Balloon angioplasty of native coarctation of the aorta in infants and neonates: is it worth the hassle? Pediatric cardiology. 2001;22(1):53-7. Epub 2000/12/21. doi: 10.1007/s002460010153. PubMed PMID: 11123129.
44. Cowley CG, Orsmond GS, Feola P, McQuillan L, Shaddy RE. Long-term, randomized comparison of balloon angioplasty and surgery for native coarctation of the aorta in childhood. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3453-6. Epub 2005/06/16. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.510198. PubMed PMID: 15956126.
45. Benito Bartolome F. [Transluminal dilatation of critical aortic stenosis and coarctation of a newborn infant aorta]. Anales espanoles de pediatria. 2000;53(2):148-50. Epub 2000/11/21. PubMed PMID: 11083956.
46. Suarez de Lezo J, Pan M, Romero M, Medina A, Segura J, Pavlovic D, et al. Balloon-expandable stent repair of severe coarctation of aorta. American heart journal. 1995;129(5):1002-8. Epub 1995/05/01. PubMed PMID: 7732957.
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References
1. Morris MJH MDCotaaiaaEGA, Jr BJ, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (eds.). The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology. 2nd, 1347-83. eBWaWp.
2. Riemenschneider TA, Emmanouilides GC, Hirose F, Linde LM. Coarctation of the abdominal aorta in children: report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1969;44(5):716-26. Epub 1969/11/01. PubMed PMID: 5374980.
3. AM. R. Aortic arch obstruction. En: Congenital Diseases of the Heart. Clinical-Physiological considerations. Futura. Armonk NY; 2001.
4. RV L. Dysmorphology and genetics. En: Keane JF, Lock JE, Fyler DC (eds.). Nadas’ Pediatric Cardiology. 2nd ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2006. p. 49-72
5. Crafoord C NG. Congenital coarctation of the aorta and its surgical treatment J Thorac Surg 1950; 37: 46.
6. Kirklin JW, Burchell HB, Pugh DG, Burke EC, Mills SD. Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta in a ten week old infant: report of a case. Circulation. 1952;6(3):411-4. Epub 1952/09/01. PubMed PMID: 14954538.
7. RH. B. Coarctation of the aorta. En: Emmanoulides G, Rienmenschneider T, Allen H, Gutgesell H (eds.). Moss and Adams. Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents. Including the Fetus and Young Adult. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1995. p. 1111-33.
8. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B. Familial coarctation of the aorta in three generations. Annales de genetique. 1999;42(3):174-6. Epub 1999/10/20. PubMed PMID: 10526662.
9. Corvacho Angelica VB. Coartación aortica (COAO). Estudio de 55 especímenes. Revista Peruana de Cardiología Vol. XXXII Nº 1.
10. Ho SY, Anderson RH. Coarctation, tubular hypoplasia, and the ductus arteriosus. Histological study of 35 specimens. British heart journal. 1979;41(3):268-74. Epub 1979/03/01. PubMed PMID: 426975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC482025.
11. Castañeda AR JR, Mayer J, Hanley F. . Aortic coarctatiom. In: Cardiac surgery. of the neonate and infant. Castañeda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer J, Hanley F. (ed). Saunders Company, 1994; 333-352.
12. Tawes RL, Jr., Berry CL, Aberdeen E. Congenital bicuspid aortic valves associated with coarctation of the aorta in children. British heart journal. 1969;31(1):127-8. Epub 1969/01/01. PubMed PMID: 5764958; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC487457.
13. Anderson RH, Lenox CC, Zuberbuhler JR. Morphology of ventricular septal defect associated with coarctation of aorta. British heart journal. 1983;50(2):176-81. Epub 1983/08/01. PubMed PMID: 6882605; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC481392.
14. Hutchins GM. Coarctation of the aorta explained as a branch-point of the ductus arteriosus. The American journal of pathology. 1971;63(2):203-14. Epub 1971/05/01. PubMed PMID: 5090637; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2047500.
15. Rudolph AM, Heymann MA, Spitznas U. Hemodynamic considerations in the development of narrowing of the aorta. The American journal of cardiology. 1972;30(5):514-25. Epub 1972/10/01. PubMed PMID: 4672503.
16. Díaz G JG. Coartación de la aorta. In: G Diaz Góngora, N Sandoval Reyes, JF Vélez Moreno, G Carrillo Ángel. Cardiología Pediátrica. Ed Bogota Colombia. (Ed) Enma Ariza Herrera. 2003; 23:315-331.
17. Olley PM MN. Coarctation of the aorta in: Neonatal heart disease. Freedom RM, Benson LN, Smallhorn JF (ed). London: Springer Verlag. 1992: 376-3809.
18. Harlan JL, Doty DB, Brandt B, 3rd, Ehrenhaft JL. Coarctation of the aorta in infants. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 1984;88(6):1012-9. Epub 1984/12/01. PubMed PMID: 6503313.
19. Glancy DL, Morrow AG, Simon AL, Roberts WC. Juxtaductal aortic coarctation. Analysis of 84 patients studied hemodynamically, angiographically, and morphologically after age 1 year. The American journal of cardiology. 1983;51(3):537-51. Epub 1983/02/01. PubMed PMID: 6218747.
20. JD. K. Coarctation of the aorta, in: Heart disease in infancy and childhood. Keith JFD, Rowe RD, Vlad P (ed). New York: Mc Millan Publishing Co, Inc, 1978; 737-760.
21. Morrow WR, Huhta JC, Murphy DJ, Jr., McNamara DG. Quantitative morphology of the aortic arch in neonatal coarctation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1986;8(3):616-20. Epub 1986/09/01. PubMed PMID: 3745707.
22. Mareck J FM, Khambadkone S. . Aortic arch abnormalities: coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. En: Lai WW, Mertens LL, Cohen MS and Geva T. Echocardiography in pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: From Fetus to Adult. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. p. 339-62.
23. Ruth Solana Gracia LGG. Coartación de aorta e interrupción del arco aórtico. Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid.Capitulo 22:293-316.
24. C. Roldán Suárez OGV, L. Fernández López, L. Guerrero Llamas, J. Segura de la Morena y C. Campo Sien. Coartación de aorta del adulto. Unidad de Hipertensión. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid. HIPERTENSIÓN. 2001;VOL. 18(NÚM. 5).
25. Carvalho JS, Redington AN, Shinebourne EA, Rigby ML, Gibson D. Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography and coarctation of the aorta: gradients and flow patterns in the assessment of severity. British heart journal. 1990;64(2):133-7. Epub 1990/08/01. PubMed PMID: 2393611; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1024353.
26. Shih MC, Tholpady A, Kramer CM, Sydnor MK, Hagspiel KD. Surgical and endovascular repair of aortic coarctation: normal findings and appearance of complications on CT angiography and MR angiography. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2006;187(3):W302-12. Epub 2006/08/25. doi: 10.2214/ajr.05.0424. PubMed PMID: 16928909.
27. Villalba Nogales J, Fernandez-Pineda L, Herraiz Sarachaga JI, Bermudez-Canete Fernandez R, Maitre Azcarate MJ, Quero Jimenez M. [Non-surgical treatment of aortic coarctation and recoarctation]. Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003). 2004;60(6):537-43. Epub 2004/06/23. PubMed PMID: 15207165.
28. Kouchoukos NT BE, Doty DB, Hanley FL, Karp RB. . Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. En: Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (eds.). Cardiac Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 1263-327.
29. Rosenthal E. Coarctation of the aorta from fetus to adult: curable condition or life long disease process? Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2005;91(11):1495-502. Epub 2005/10/19. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.057182. PubMed PMID: 16230458;PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1769162
30. Kaushal S, Backer CL, Patel JN, Patel SK, Walker BL, Weigel TJ, et al. Coarctation of the aorta: midterm outcomes of resection with extended end-to-end anastomosis. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2009;88(6):1932-8. Epub 2009/11/26. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.08.035. PubMed PMID: 19932265.
31. Lansman S, Shapiro AJ, Schiller MS, Ritter S, Cooper R, Galla JD, et al. Extended aortic arch anastomosis for repair of coarctation in infancy. Circulation. 1986;74(3 Pt 2):I37-41. Epub 1986/09/01. PubMed PMID: 3527471.
32. Bigdelian H, Sedighi M. Repair of aortic coarctation in infancy: A 10-year clinical experience. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals. 2016. Epub 2016/04/17. doi: 10.1177/0218492316643841. PubMed PMID: 27084872.
33. O'Sullivan JJ, Derrick G, Darnell R. Prevalence of hypertension in children after early repair of coarctation of the aorta: a cohort study using casual and 24 hour blood pressure measurement. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002;88(2):163-6. Epub 2002/07/16. PubMed PMID: 12117846; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1767207.
34. Thomson JD, Mulpur A, Guerrero R, Nagy Z, Gibbs JL, Watterson KG. Outcome after extended arch repair for aortic coarctation. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2006;92(1):90-4. Epub 2005/04/23. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.058685. PubMed PMID: 15845612; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1860999.
35. Younoszai AK, Reddy VM, Hanley FL, Brook MM. Intermediate term follow-up of the end-to-side aortic anastomosis for coarctation of the aorta. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2002;74(5):1631-4. Epub 2002/11/21. PubMed PMID: 12440621.
36. Dodge-Khatami A, Backer CL, Mavroudis C. Risk factors for recoarctation and results of reoperation: a 40-year review. Journal of cardiac surgery. 2000;15(6):369-77. Epub 2001/10/27. PubMed PMID: 11678458.
37. Maxey TS, Serfontein SJ, Reece TB, Rheuban KS, Kron IL. Transverse arch hypoplasia may predispose patients to aneurysm formation after patch repair of aortic coarctation. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2003;76(4):1090-3. Epub 2003/10/08. PubMed PMID: 14529992.
38. von Kodolitsch Y, Aydin MA, Koschyk DH, Loose R, Schalwat I, Karck M, et al. Predictors of aneurysmal formation after surgical correction of aortic coarctation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;39(4):617-24. Epub 2002/02/19. PubMed PMID: 11849860.
39. Brewer LA, 3rd, Fosburg RG, Mulder GA, Verska JJ. Spinal cord complications following surgery for coarctation of the aorta. A study of 66 cases. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 1972;64(3):368-81. Epub 1972/09/01. PubMed PMID: 5054875.
40. Gaynor JW. Management strategies for infants with coarctation and an associated ventricular septal defect. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2001;122(3):424-6. Epub 2001/09/08. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2001.116942. PubMed PMID: 11547289.
41. Gaynor JW, Wernovsky G, Rychik J, Rome JJ, DeCampli WM, Spray TL. Outcome following single-stage repair of coarctation with ventricular septal defect. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2000;18(1):62-7. Epub 2000/06/28. PubMed PMID: 10869942.
42. Siblini G, Rao PS, Nouri S, Ferdman B, Jureidini SB, Wilson AD. Long-term follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of postoperative aortic recoarctation. The American journal of cardiology. 1998;81(1):61-7. Epub 1998/02/14. PubMed PMID: 9462608.
43. Patel HT, Madani A, Paris YM, Warner KG, Hijazi ZM. Balloon angioplasty of native coarctation of the aorta in infants and neonates: is it worth the hassle? Pediatric cardiology. 2001;22(1):53-7. Epub 2000/12/21. doi: 10.1007/s002460010153. PubMed PMID: 11123129.
44. Cowley CG, Orsmond GS, Feola P, McQuillan L, Shaddy RE. Long-term, randomized comparison of balloon angioplasty and surgery for native coarctation of the aorta in childhood. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3453-6. Epub 2005/06/16. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.510198. PubMed PMID: 15956126.
45. Benito Bartolome F. [Transluminal dilatation of critical aortic stenosis and coarctation of a newborn infant aorta]. Anales espanoles de pediatria. 2000;53(2):148-50. Epub 2000/11/21. PubMed PMID: 11083956.
46. Suarez de Lezo J, Pan M, Romero M, Medina A, Segura J, Pavlovic D, et al. Balloon-expandable stent repair of severe coarctation of aorta. American heart journal. 1995;129(5):1002-8. Epub 1995/05/01. PubMed PMID: 7732957.
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