Issue
Copyright (c) 2020 Adel Martinez-Martinez, Antonio Diaz-Caballero, Natalia Quintero-Echenique
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Malignant and premalignant lesions of the tongue, clinical and histopathological findings for their early detection. Study of two cases
Corresponding Author(s) : Adel Martinez-Martinez
Ciencia e Innovación en Salud,
2020
Abstract
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma affects subjects between the sixth and seventh decade of life. However, there are growing reports on the involvement of young adults.
Clinical Cases: Two male patients aged 40 and 55, with no history of tobacco consumption and occasional alcohol consumption. They presented an exophytic ulcer and a white plaque on the lateral border of the tongue, the first diagnosed as moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma without HPV DNA genotypes and the second as leukoplakia without dysplasia.
Conclusions: Risk factors commonly associated with potentially malign disorders and oral cancer, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, were not involved in the present cases. Therefore identify clinical, histopathological and molecular findings, allows the early detection of them, improving the prognosis of these patients.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Amarasinghe H, et al. Oral Cancer: Prevention, Early Detection, andTreatment. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, et al., editors. Cancer: Disease Control Priorities,Third Edition (Volume 3). Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank; 2015 Nov 1. Chapter 5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343649/
- Villagómez-Ortiz VJ, Paz-Delgadillo DE, Marino-Martínez I, Ceseñas-Falcón LA, Sandoval- de la Fuente A,Reyes-Escobedo A. Prevalencia de infección por virus del papiloma humano en carcinoma espinocelular decavidad oral, orofaringe y laringe. Cirugía y Cirujanos. 2016; 84(5):363-368. DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2016.01.006
- Chinn SB, Myers JN. Oral Cavity Carcinoma: Current Management, Controversies, and Future Directions. JClin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3269–3276. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2929
- Annertz K, Anderson H, Biörklund A, Möller T, Kantola S, Mork J, et al. Incidence and survival of squamouscell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults. Int J Cancer 2002;101:95-9.DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10577
- Zhang YY, Wang DC, Su JZ, Jia LF, Peng X, Yu GY. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes ofsquamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in different age groups. Head Neck. 2017;39:2276-82.DOI: 10.1002/hed.24898
- Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH, Edgren G. Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue:A global study. Head Neck 2017;39:297-304. DOI: 10.1002/hed.24589
- Udeabor SE, Rana M, Wegener G, Gellrich NC, Eckardt AM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity andthe oropharynx in patients less than 40 years of age: A 20-year analysis. Head Neck Oncol 2012;4:28.DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-28
- Monteiro LS, Amaral JB, Vizcaíno JR, Lopes CA, Torres FO. A clinical-pathological and survival study of oralsquamous cell carcinomas from a population of the North of Portugal. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2014;19:e120-6. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19090
- Santos HB, dos Santos TK, Paz AR, Cavalcanti YW, Nonaka CF, Godoy GP, et al. Clinical findings and riskfactors to oral squamous cell carcinoma in young patients: A 12-year retrospective analysis. Med Oral PatolOral Cir Bucal 2016;21:e151-6. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20770
- Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2009;45:309-16.DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002
- Padmanabhan TK, Sankaranarayanan R, Krishnan Nair M. Evaluation of local control, survival and patternof failure with radiotherapy in cancer of the tongue. Oncology 1990;47:121-3. DOI: 10.1159/000226802
- Bernal-Baláez AE. Estudio epidemiológico del cáncer bucal en Colombia 1989-2008. Rev Fac Med2016;64(1):75-8. DOI 10.15446/revfacmed.v64n1.53736
- Cabral LA, de Carvalho LF, Salgado JA, Brandão AA, Almeida JD. Gingival squamous cell carcinoma: a casereport. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010;1(3):e6. DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2010.1306
- Chinn SB, Myers JN. Oral Cavity Carcinoma: Current Management, Controversies, and Future Directions. JClin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3269–3276. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2929
- Mohideen K, Krithika C, Jeddy N, Bharathi R, Thayumanavan B, Sankari S L. Meta-analysis on risk factorsof squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young adults. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2019 [cited2020 Apr 22];23:450-7.DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_118_19
- Kumar M, Nanavati R, Modi TG, Dobariya C. Oral cancer: Etiology and risk factors: A review. J Can Res Ther2016;12:458‑63. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.186696
- Boscolo-Rizzo P, Del Mistro A, Bussu F, Lupato V, Baboci L, Almadori G, DA Mosto MC, Paludetti G. Newinsights into human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. ActaOtorhinolaryngol Ital. 2013 Apr; 33(2): 77-87. PubMED
- González M, Motta LA, Moreno A, Chala AI, Tupaz HA, García DA. La infección por virus del papilomahumano afecta el pronóstico del cáncer orofaríngeo escamocelular. Revisión de la literatura. UnivOdontol.2014 Jul-Dic; 33(71): 55-63. DOI: 10.11144/Javeriana.uo33-71.ivph
- Martinez-Martinez A, Lujan-Pardo MP, Lopez-Aparicio E. High risk serotypes of the human papillomavirus(HPV) in patients with exophytic lesions in the oral cavity. Salud, Barranquilla [online]. 2018, vol.34, n.2 [cited2019-05-28], pp.420-429. DOI: 10.14482/sun.34.2.614.58
- Cabral LA, de Carvalho LF, Salgado JA, Brandão AA, Almeida JD. Gingival squamous cell carcinoma: a casereport. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010;1(3):e6. DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2010.1306
- Ramqvist T, Grün N, Dalianis T. Human papillomavirus and tonsillar and base of tongue cancer. Viruses.2015;7(3):1332–1343. Published 2015 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/v7031332. DOI: 10.3390/v7031332
- Neville BW, Day TA. Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:195-215.DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.52.4.195
- Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH, Edgren G. Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue:A global study. Head Neck. 2017 Feb;39(2):297-304. DOI: 10.1002/hed.24589
- Al-Jaber A, Al-Nasser L, El-Metwally A. Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries. Saudi Med J.2016;37(3):249–255. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.3.11388
- Ferlay J, Shin H-R, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer incidence andmortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No 10. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer;2010. p. 2010. 29. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29210
- Ong TK, Murphy C, Smith AB, Kanatas AN, Mitchell DA. Survival after surgery for oral cancer: a 30-yearexperience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Nov;55(9):911-916. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.08.362
- Santelices Ch MJ, Cárcamo IM, Brenner AC, Montes FR. Cáncer oral en Chile: Revisión de la literatura. Rev.méd. Chile [Internet]. 2016 Jun;144( 6 ): 758-766. Tota JE, Anderson WF, Coffey C, Califano J, Cozen W,Ferris RL, St John M, Cohen EE, Chaturvedi AK. Rising incidence of oral tongue cancer among white menand women in the United States, 1973-2012. Oral Oncol.2017 Apr; 67:146-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.02.019
- Reyes M, Rojas-Alcayaga G, Pennacchiotti G, Carrillo D, Muñoz JP, Peña N, Montes R, Lobos N, Aguayo F.Human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinomas from Chilean patients. Exp Mol Pathol.2015 Aug;99(1):95-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.001
- Kouketsu A, Sato I, Abe S, Oikawa M, Shimizu Y, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Detection of humanpapillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort study of Japanese patients. J Oral PatholMed. 2016 Sep;45(8):565-72. doi: 10.1111/jop.12416. Epub 2015 Dec 29. DOI: 10.1111/jop.12416
- Adorno Farias D, Maturana Ramírez A, Farias Vergara M, Franco Martínez ME, Iriarte Hernández M, SáezSalgado R, Cortés Araya J, Ortega Pinto AV. Carcinoma Verrucoso Oral: Reporte de un Caso Clínico yRevisión de 20 Casos del Instituto de Referencia en Patología Oral (IREPO), Chile. Rev Clin Periodoncia Implantol Rehabil Oral [Internet]. 2010 Dic.3(3): 132-135. https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-01072010000300006
- Hübbers CU, Akgül B. HPV and cancer of the oral cavity. Virulence. 2015;6(3):244–248.DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.999570
- Gronhoj Larsen C, Gyldenlove M, Jensen DH, Therkildsen MH, Kiss K, Norrild B, Konge L, von Buchwald C.Correlation between human papillomavirus and p16 overexpression in oropharyngeal tumors: a systematicreview. Br J Cancer. 2014 Mar 18;110(6):1587-94. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.42
- Reyes M, Rojas-Alcayaga G, Pennacchiotti G, Carrillo D, Muñoz JP, Peña N, Montes R, Lobos N, Aguayo F.Human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinomas from Chilean patients. Exp Mol Pathol.2015 Aug;99(1):95-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.001
- Chen X, Zhao Y. Human papillomavirus infection in oral potentially malignant disorders and cancer. Arch OralBiol. 2017 Nov; 83:334-339. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.08.011
- Kouketsu A, Sato I, Abe S, Oikawa M, Shimizu Y, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Detection of humanpapillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort study of Japanese patients. J Oral PatholMed. 2016 Sep;45(8):565-72. DOI: 10.1111/jop.12416
- Falaki F, Dalirsani Z, Pakfetrat A, Falaki A, Saghravanian N, Nosratzehi T, Pazouki M. Clinical andhistopathological analysis of oral Squamous cell carcinoma of young patients in Mashhad, Iran: Aretrospective study and review of literatures Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Jul 1;16 (4):e473-7. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.16.e473
References
Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Amarasinghe H, et al. Oral Cancer: Prevention, Early Detection, andTreatment. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, et al., editors. Cancer: Disease Control Priorities,Third Edition (Volume 3). Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank; 2015 Nov 1. Chapter 5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343649/
Villagómez-Ortiz VJ, Paz-Delgadillo DE, Marino-Martínez I, Ceseñas-Falcón LA, Sandoval- de la Fuente A,Reyes-Escobedo A. Prevalencia de infección por virus del papiloma humano en carcinoma espinocelular decavidad oral, orofaringe y laringe. Cirugía y Cirujanos. 2016; 84(5):363-368. DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2016.01.006
Chinn SB, Myers JN. Oral Cavity Carcinoma: Current Management, Controversies, and Future Directions. JClin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3269–3276. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2929
Annertz K, Anderson H, Biörklund A, Möller T, Kantola S, Mork J, et al. Incidence and survival of squamouscell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults. Int J Cancer 2002;101:95-9.DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10577
Zhang YY, Wang DC, Su JZ, Jia LF, Peng X, Yu GY. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes ofsquamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in different age groups. Head Neck. 2017;39:2276-82.DOI: 10.1002/hed.24898
Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH, Edgren G. Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue:A global study. Head Neck 2017;39:297-304. DOI: 10.1002/hed.24589
Udeabor SE, Rana M, Wegener G, Gellrich NC, Eckardt AM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity andthe oropharynx in patients less than 40 years of age: A 20-year analysis. Head Neck Oncol 2012;4:28.DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-28
Monteiro LS, Amaral JB, Vizcaíno JR, Lopes CA, Torres FO. A clinical-pathological and survival study of oralsquamous cell carcinomas from a population of the North of Portugal. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2014;19:e120-6. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19090
Santos HB, dos Santos TK, Paz AR, Cavalcanti YW, Nonaka CF, Godoy GP, et al. Clinical findings and riskfactors to oral squamous cell carcinoma in young patients: A 12-year retrospective analysis. Med Oral PatolOral Cir Bucal 2016;21:e151-6. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20770
Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2009;45:309-16.DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002
Padmanabhan TK, Sankaranarayanan R, Krishnan Nair M. Evaluation of local control, survival and patternof failure with radiotherapy in cancer of the tongue. Oncology 1990;47:121-3. DOI: 10.1159/000226802
Bernal-Baláez AE. Estudio epidemiológico del cáncer bucal en Colombia 1989-2008. Rev Fac Med2016;64(1):75-8. DOI 10.15446/revfacmed.v64n1.53736
Cabral LA, de Carvalho LF, Salgado JA, Brandão AA, Almeida JD. Gingival squamous cell carcinoma: a casereport. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010;1(3):e6. DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2010.1306
Chinn SB, Myers JN. Oral Cavity Carcinoma: Current Management, Controversies, and Future Directions. JClin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3269–3276. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2929
Mohideen K, Krithika C, Jeddy N, Bharathi R, Thayumanavan B, Sankari S L. Meta-analysis on risk factorsof squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young adults. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2019 [cited2020 Apr 22];23:450-7.DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_118_19
Kumar M, Nanavati R, Modi TG, Dobariya C. Oral cancer: Etiology and risk factors: A review. J Can Res Ther2016;12:458‑63. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.186696
Boscolo-Rizzo P, Del Mistro A, Bussu F, Lupato V, Baboci L, Almadori G, DA Mosto MC, Paludetti G. Newinsights into human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. ActaOtorhinolaryngol Ital. 2013 Apr; 33(2): 77-87. PubMED
González M, Motta LA, Moreno A, Chala AI, Tupaz HA, García DA. La infección por virus del papilomahumano afecta el pronóstico del cáncer orofaríngeo escamocelular. Revisión de la literatura. UnivOdontol.2014 Jul-Dic; 33(71): 55-63. DOI: 10.11144/Javeriana.uo33-71.ivph
Martinez-Martinez A, Lujan-Pardo MP, Lopez-Aparicio E. High risk serotypes of the human papillomavirus(HPV) in patients with exophytic lesions in the oral cavity. Salud, Barranquilla [online]. 2018, vol.34, n.2 [cited2019-05-28], pp.420-429. DOI: 10.14482/sun.34.2.614.58
Cabral LA, de Carvalho LF, Salgado JA, Brandão AA, Almeida JD. Gingival squamous cell carcinoma: a casereport. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010;1(3):e6. DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2010.1306
Ramqvist T, Grün N, Dalianis T. Human papillomavirus and tonsillar and base of tongue cancer. Viruses.2015;7(3):1332–1343. Published 2015 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/v7031332. DOI: 10.3390/v7031332
Neville BW, Day TA. Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:195-215.DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.52.4.195
Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH, Edgren G. Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue:A global study. Head Neck. 2017 Feb;39(2):297-304. DOI: 10.1002/hed.24589
Al-Jaber A, Al-Nasser L, El-Metwally A. Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries. Saudi Med J.2016;37(3):249–255. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.3.11388
Ferlay J, Shin H-R, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer incidence andmortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No 10. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer;2010. p. 2010. 29. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29210
Ong TK, Murphy C, Smith AB, Kanatas AN, Mitchell DA. Survival after surgery for oral cancer: a 30-yearexperience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Nov;55(9):911-916. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.08.362
Santelices Ch MJ, Cárcamo IM, Brenner AC, Montes FR. Cáncer oral en Chile: Revisión de la literatura. Rev.méd. Chile [Internet]. 2016 Jun;144( 6 ): 758-766. Tota JE, Anderson WF, Coffey C, Califano J, Cozen W,Ferris RL, St John M, Cohen EE, Chaturvedi AK. Rising incidence of oral tongue cancer among white menand women in the United States, 1973-2012. Oral Oncol.2017 Apr; 67:146-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.02.019
Reyes M, Rojas-Alcayaga G, Pennacchiotti G, Carrillo D, Muñoz JP, Peña N, Montes R, Lobos N, Aguayo F.Human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinomas from Chilean patients. Exp Mol Pathol.2015 Aug;99(1):95-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.001
Kouketsu A, Sato I, Abe S, Oikawa M, Shimizu Y, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Detection of humanpapillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort study of Japanese patients. J Oral PatholMed. 2016 Sep;45(8):565-72. doi: 10.1111/jop.12416. Epub 2015 Dec 29. DOI: 10.1111/jop.12416
Adorno Farias D, Maturana Ramírez A, Farias Vergara M, Franco Martínez ME, Iriarte Hernández M, SáezSalgado R, Cortés Araya J, Ortega Pinto AV. Carcinoma Verrucoso Oral: Reporte de un Caso Clínico yRevisión de 20 Casos del Instituto de Referencia en Patología Oral (IREPO), Chile. Rev Clin Periodoncia Implantol Rehabil Oral [Internet]. 2010 Dic.3(3): 132-135. https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-01072010000300006
Hübbers CU, Akgül B. HPV and cancer of the oral cavity. Virulence. 2015;6(3):244–248.DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.999570
Gronhoj Larsen C, Gyldenlove M, Jensen DH, Therkildsen MH, Kiss K, Norrild B, Konge L, von Buchwald C.Correlation between human papillomavirus and p16 overexpression in oropharyngeal tumors: a systematicreview. Br J Cancer. 2014 Mar 18;110(6):1587-94. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.42
Reyes M, Rojas-Alcayaga G, Pennacchiotti G, Carrillo D, Muñoz JP, Peña N, Montes R, Lobos N, Aguayo F.Human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinomas from Chilean patients. Exp Mol Pathol.2015 Aug;99(1):95-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.001
Chen X, Zhao Y. Human papillomavirus infection in oral potentially malignant disorders and cancer. Arch OralBiol. 2017 Nov; 83:334-339. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.08.011
Kouketsu A, Sato I, Abe S, Oikawa M, Shimizu Y, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Detection of humanpapillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort study of Japanese patients. J Oral PatholMed. 2016 Sep;45(8):565-72. DOI: 10.1111/jop.12416
Falaki F, Dalirsani Z, Pakfetrat A, Falaki A, Saghravanian N, Nosratzehi T, Pazouki M. Clinical andhistopathological analysis of oral Squamous cell carcinoma of young patients in Mashhad, Iran: Aretrospective study and review of literatures Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Jul 1;16 (4):e473-7. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.16.e473