Vol 10, No 1 (2022): January - June

Objective: To show the results obtained from impedance spectroscopy tests performed on FBE coatings and the liquids used in pipelines internally coated that carry highly corrosive fluids in the oil industry. Methodology: This study is carried out by laboratory tests with Gamry 3000 equipment and prototype equipment, measuring pieces of test tubes coated with Resicoat HMH09QF epoxy resin powder and SigmaShield 1200 liquid coating. These pieces are subject to welding processes that generated different failures such as blisters, cracks, fissures, and burns.  They are the object of analysis and measurement of impedances to achieve a characterization and determination of values to classify these problems minimizing and correcting them, to avoid accidents caused by leaks due to high corrosion failures in the pipes’ processes, mitigating the environmental impact. Results:  The tests carried out on the coated pieces evidence that failures such as coating burns or detaches from the pipeline, the impedances are in the order of x10⁴ and x10⁵.  On the contrary, in the coating cases without failures, the impedances are x10⁹ and higher. The intermediate failures such as cracks and blisters in intermediate values are in the order of x10⁸. Conclusion: The study allowed the characterization of different failures in the internal pipeline coatings that appear in weld joints. It was possible to obtain impedance values for each coating failure, and finally, it was possible to associate them into ranges according to their problems and coating failures. 

Objective: Propose the analysis and monitoring of a chemical process sustained in the theoretical principles of a factorial method cataloged as principal component analysis (PCA), whose ultimate objective is to represent the original variables of the system. Methodology: Methodologically the data was analyzed in a more compact dimensional space, under the hypothesis of multivariate normality. A control chart based on the error prediction squares is constructed in the later phase to monitor the behavior of the successor variables once the ACP has been applied. Results: The results of the univariate control charts constructed from the t-scores of the individual components, in which the behavior of the variables contributing to the generation of alarm signals is exhibited, can be used as the basis for an auxiliary analysis based on the results provided by the univariate control charts. Conclusion: The results obtained corroborate that the three retained components explain a majority fraction of the original variability of the data cloud and that the control chart constructed from the sub-dimensions registers the existence of outliers or extreme values.

Objective: Implement a monitoring and control system with IoT technology to determine the behavior of environmental variables in poultry farming. Methodology: The research project is comprehensive, formally experimental and field explanatory type, consists in the implementation of a powerful wireless network based on LoRa technology for Internet of Things (IoT), the study of the physical variables that influence the breeding and production in an experimental farm with low energy consumption and affordable devices is carried out by means of gateway that sends data to the cloud through the transport protocol for message queuing (MQTT), such data are processed by the microcontroller that captures, sends and processes them with the help of a radio terminal station and sends them in real time. Five phases are established: identification of environmental variables, network design, programming, system testing and analysis and results. Results: Finally, an analysis of the data on how physical and environmental conditions can affect the process of poultry rearing in a confined environment is performed. Conclusions: The process of integrating devices and sensors with emerging technologies facilitates the poultry automation process to record and visualize the behavior of environmental conditions and allows centralizing the information with remote monitoring, reducing the costs of maintenance and monitoring the health of the animals, a situation that in the future will allow the technification of poultry farms.

Objective: Propose a measurement model within an IoT architecture, in order to establish which quality characteristics are the most convenient and necessary for the object network, taking as a reference the ISO / IEC 25000 hierarchical model of software quality. Methodology: For the design of the model, a systematic literature review was carried out that allowed obtaining evidence from scientific articles stored in digital repositories in order to quantify the quality attributes and determine the ideal metrics. As a starting point, a series of research questions and a survey were conducted with a group of experts with knowledge in IoT to determine which quality characteristics and sub-characteristics meet the necessary requirements. Results: It was evidenced that the results and resolution of research questions posed as well as the survey carried out by the group of experts for the validation of the model respond to the necessary criteria for a quality model. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the understanding of the model proposed here, a graphical representation is made by means of pre-conceptual schemas. Conclusions: Finally, such model it provides external metrics to measure attributes of quality characteristics in any area of ​​the IoT.

Objective: Environmental environmental diagnosis of the Complejo Cenagoso Santiago Apóstol CCSA including the Arroyo Grande de Corozal, located in the Sucre state, determining the main anthropogenic pressures that impact the quality of the water resource and the ecosystem. Methodology: An analysis of the characteristics of the complex was carried out and the perception of the surrounding communities was evaluated. In addition, physicochemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated, and the IMPRESS methodology was applied to identify the pressures and impact on these water bodies. Results: Discharges related mainly to livestock and agro-industrial activities, as well as water of domestic origin, were identified. The lack of water treatment plants has an impact on the CCSA and this is reflected in the high presence of total coliforms, BOD and dissolved solids, mainly in the AGC. In addition, the population perceives these bodies of water as a high value asset, but they consider that they do not have an impact. The impacts and the definition of the risk of the pressures on the bodies of water of interest gave the main pressures to the point sources, morphological alterations and land use, having a proven impact and representing a high risk. Conclusions: The management of water resources, the implementation of treatment plants and the use of biotechnological alternatives such as phycoremediation would be of the utmost importance to reduce contamination factors and preserve the CCSA. In addition, it is necessary to promote a culture and awareness of conservation and protection of these bodies of water.

Objective: The study sought to evaluate the movement of water in hillside soils cultivated with Hass avocado under the hypothesis that the slope prevents the unsaturated zone, which covers the effective depth of roots, from reaching the CC field capacity (-30 KPa). before a precipitation event and in dry seasons it reaches high values of matric potential, affecting the water availability for the plant. Methodology: Hydrus-1D simulated events of drying and wetting of the soil by precipitation, from data of matric potential taken with granular matrix sensors in three commercial Hass avocado farms, located in Roldanillo (Laurentina), Restrepo (Ponceña ) and Dagua (Olival) Valle del Cauca. Results: it was found that under the maximum precipitation events in August 2020, the matric potential decreases due to the effect of water infiltration in the three farms. In Laurentina, the decrease in this reaches 100 cm, below -30 KPa, in Restrepo it reaches 30 cm in depth with around -30 KPa and in Olival, it reaches up to 75 cm, with about -20 KPa. For the drying event, the matric potential ranged between -50 and -200 KPa. The associated errors of the simulation were between 10 and 25% with R2 between 0.8 and 0.9 (P <0.001). Conclusions: It was found that the slope and the texture of the soil influence the distribution of water in the soil, producing that at 75 cm there is an increase in humidity without any entry of water through the surface and that for soils with a sandy loam texture, the soil reaches a uniform distribution of CC covering the root with high precipitations. In dry seasons it is necessary to apply irrigation.

Objetivo: Este trabajo presenta una selección detallada de tecnologías IoT para el diseño de una infraestructura de monitoreo de humedad ambiental para el control del riego de cultivos. Metodología: El diseño del prototipo se apoyó en estudios previos realizados por los autores y en pruebas realizadas en 2019 en la Finca el Porvenir en Cundinamarca, Colombia, con el fin de determinar la mejor opción para implementar en campo mediante el uso del software Python, y elementos como la Raspberry Pi y la placa de desarrollo TTGO. Resultados: Para determinar la funcionalidad del software y el hardware del sistema, se realizaron diferentes pruebas estáticas del prototipo a través del monitoreo de humedad y temperatura ambiente por medio del sensor DHT22, cuya información es enviada desde un nodo transmisor a un nodo receptor en un concentrador para, posteriormente, guardar la información en una base de datos y, finalmente, obtener las gráficas del comportamiento de la humedad relativa, la temperatura, y el accionamiento del elemento de control (válvula solenoide). Conclusiones: Con esta información es posible demostrar la efectividad del prototipo, la posibilidad de conexión remota con el protocolo LoRa y el manejo y gestión de la información de diferentes zonas de cultivo a través de la GUI en la Raspberry Pi, generando una solución de bajo costo para el acceso de pequeños y medianos productores en zonas rurales de Colombia.

Objective: The main objective of this work was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of the waterproofed Compressed Sand Block (BTC) measuring 15×10×30 cm with two holes of 7 cm of diameter, with the recycling of crushed asphalt. Methodology: The design of raw material mixtures was carried out with the addition of 3 different percentages of crushed asphalt recycling (3, 6, and 9%), taking into account the parameters of the NTC-5324 standard for the characterization of the physical-mechanical properties. In this way, the blocks were subjected to absorption, load capacity, durability, and erosion tests. Results and conclusions: The results showed that compressed sand blocks are sustainable alternatives, with improved properties through the addition of recycled materials (crushed asphalt), thus reducing the vulnerability of the blocks to changes in humidity in regions where the blocks are required to masonry for construction are suitable for these types of environments.

Objective: Identify the barriers in the management of the green supply chain in organizations. Methodology: A research scheme was systematized that included a search equation and exclusion criteria. The SCIENCE DIRECT database was used, where 1052 articles were found, of which 27 research articles were selected after applying the exclusion criteria and carrying out the review and selection process of these. Results: 57 barriers that occur in the different industries and organizations were characterized when implementing the green supply chain management, which were classified into 8 categories: financial, administrative or managerial, knowledge, technology and innovation, suppliers and customers , governmental, legislative and social and infrastructure; having as main barriers and more frequently the lack of commitment on the part of senior management, the information gap, insufficient social pressure, deficient legislation, costs and financial limitations that directly impact the management of the green supply chain. Conclusions: Based on the results of the research, it is concluded that there are multiple barriers to implement sustainable practices in the supply chain, which indicate the complex path to sustainability and that requires the effort and participation of all the actors involved in the supply chain. supply directly and indirectly, as well as external actors to organizations such as governments. Likewise, this research contributes to reducing uncertainty in the process of applying sustainable practices.

Objective: To evaluate the different quality dimensions of a pasta company's production. Method: The investigation was of evaluative cut with application of the concepts and related theories of Six Sigma, 12 periods of studies were considered, to the productive process the metrics of six sigma were applied to him associated to the defects in parts by million (DPMO), yield and the level sigma Z. Results: The results of this investigation allowed to evaluate the performance of the productive stages of the process obtaining a global average of the 12 periods of the performance Y of 96,89 % and a level sigma average Z of the stages of the process of 3,67 Discussion: What evidences that the productive system analyzed has a good performance and the criteria of quality of the productive process fulfill the demands of control of the productive system of edible pastas for the clients Conclusions: As a unique contribution, a structured method is provided that allows the evaluation of a food production system in a global and punctual way by means of the six sigma metrics.

Summary: This work provides a methodology to analyze user preferences regarding the components that a judicial search engine should include. We validate this methodology by developing a search system. Starting from initial characteristics, we designed a search prototype. A test was then applied to identify whether the search engine meets the user's needs. The prototype developed was compared to other next-generation search engines in terms of user satisfaction and accuracy. The results show that our proposal outperforms other search engines. Objective: Define and implement the components for the development of a judicial search engine. Methodology: The methodology consists of in: Definition: Includes a review of the state of the art of the technologies associated with the project. Prototype development: Different modules and components of the system are developed here. Evaluation: focused on usability and user satisfaction. Results: The characteristics and elements necessary for the search engine were identified. To this end, Benchmarking on general aspects and components of jurisprudence search engines was carried out. Additionally, a survey was conducted with 79 legal experts. Finally, a use test was carried out. Conclusions: A prototype of the search engine was designed according to the characteristics declared by the users. This prototype showed optimal usability and navigation because it was designed considering the needs of the user's jurisprudence. Its interfaces are easy to understand and its filters make the search process more agile and precise. Finally, the developed search engine offers a good experience to the users.

Objective: To evaluate the dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer rate in a Low Speed ​​Surface Aerator - LSSA, varying the power; and propose a geometric modification of the impellers, to improve the Standard Aeration Efficiency (SAE). Methodology: An LSSA was modeled through CAD software, and 3 LSSA prototypes were built, through a 3D printing process, modifying the original geometry of the impeller. Then pilot scale tests were carried out, using the LSSA coupled to a gear motor capable of generating 210 RPM. Finally, the oxygen transfers coefficients and the water aeration efficiency of the LSSA were determined by means of a mathematical model. Results: From the projections obtained, it was established that the proposed geometric modification increases the SAE by 20.3% and 29.8% for powers of 1 and 2 watts (W), respectively; keeping the standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) almost constant; furthermore, the proposed geometric shape and arrangement of the impellers seems to favor the contact time between the gas phase (air) and the liquid phase (water), improving the residence time of the trapped bubbles, evidence represented in the coefficients k_La (h^-1). Conclusions: According to the results, it can be inferred that these LSSA type aerators can be optimized with a more efficient design, allowing to reduce the energy consumption associated with their operation, without penalizing the transfer of DO.

This paper reports the design of a deep neural network (DNN) focused to predict patterns of student dropout at the UPTC University of Colombia. We apply specialized artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the implementation of the DNN specifically were using a learning machine for classification and clustering task. Additionally, a dataset containing 17 attributes of 3000 academically active students was structured; the data set has been prepared to be trained as an entry to the neural network. The final result of the research reveals a predictive model trained through the DNN validated by several quality metrics that demonstrate reliability and accuracy of the results accomplished through the model.

Objective:  Design and model a cargo sled for equipment and supplies in the oil and gas sector. Methodology: Initially, the geometry of the sled was defined based on the established restrictions, in which the magnitude and place of application of the forces in-service conditions were evaluated. Subsequently, the Pugsley method was used to find the safety factor to avoid static failure as a result of the application of loads. The geometric model, the discretization, and the simulation under estimated loads were generated using the finite element method and the computational resources of CAD/CAE software. Results: Finally, the results of the analysis were represented through stress, deformation, and safety factor plots, comparing with Pugsley's method to define the load to be carried by the structure. Conclusions: 2000Kgf was defined as the maximum load since it guarantees the safe use of the sled.